AN ARCHITECTURE FOR LOCAL ENERGY GENERATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND SHARING Mike M. He, Evan M. Reutzel, Xiaofan Jiang, Randy H. Katz, Seth R. Sanders, David E. Culler, Ken Lutz Electrical Engineering University of California - Berkeley

The Energy Challenge

Modern Electricity Grid  Centrally Controlled  Large-scale Central Generation  One-way Power Flow  Homogeneous Power Quality, Reliability

Electricity Generation in the US Source: EIA, 2006 Statistics

Decreasing Costs Source: Dan Arvizu, Meeting the Renewable Energy Challenge: What Will it Take to Reach Solar PV’s Ultimate Potential, NREL, 2006

Growth of Renewable Energy Source: GlobalData

Renewable Energy: Intermittency 1.5 MW Wind Turbine 4.6 MW Solar Installation Source: Jay Apt and Aimee Curtright, “The Spectrum of Power from Utility-Scale Wind Farms and Solar Photovoltaic Arrays”, CEIC 2008

Energy Storage

Energy Storage Use

Distributed Intelligence  Management of distributed energy resources  Decision-making  Price data from utilities  Energy/power information locally  Forecasting based on past data  User customization  Demand response

Intelligent Power Switch (IPS)

LoCal Principles  Non-disruptive Adoption and Integration  Black Box Operation  Well-defined interface (Narrow Waist Model)  Diversity of scale and implementation  Plug And Play  Lessons from the Internet

LoCal Networking Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network PowerComm Interface Energy Storage Power Generation Host Load energy flows information flows

Networking Advantages  Market Interactions and Energy Sharing  Utilization of lowest cost available resources  Market pricing  Increased aggregate reliability  Distributed generation and storage  No large-scale outages  Displacement of services from electric grid  Reliability, power quality provided as needed

Challenges  Energy Storage  Cost  Round trip efficiency  Lifetime  Regulations  Restrictions on energy sharing  IEEE Standards

Cost of Reliability Source: C. Marnay, LBNL

The Goals of LoCal  Renewable Generation  Distributed intelligence  Peer-to-peer energy sharing  Market behavior