To Do… Electronic homework (Lon-Capa) HW6 Type 1 due Monday, April 21 by 7 pm; HW6 Type 2 due Wednesday, April 23 by 7 pm Wednesday’s lab: Be prepared Read lab book Proper attire Thursday lecture Continue reading Chapter 12 Video tutorials on the website 1

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Clicker Question How many unpaired electrons does sulfur contain in its ground state? (Hint: Draw an orbital diagram.) A)0 B)1 C)2 D)3 E)6 3

Clicker Question Which of the following (a-c) does not correctly match the species with the expected electron configuration? a)A ground state calcium atom[Ar] 4s 2 b)The most stable ion for bromine[Ar] 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 c)An excited state of sulfur[Ne] 3s 2 3p 3 4s 1 d)At least two of the above (a-c) are incorrectly matched. e)All of the above (a-c) are correctly matched. 4

Atomic Radius (Size) Increases down a group Hydrogen INCREASES! Francium Orbitals are getting larger and electrons fill further and further from the nucleus at higher energy levels 5

Atomic Radius (Size) Decreases across a row (period) – outer electrons in the same energy level Hydrogen Fluorine DECREASES! More protons in each element as you move across the row. More protons will create a stronger positive force, thus attracting the electrons more strongly, pulling them in and shrinking the size. 6

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Clicker Question Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius? A) Ca B) Al C) N D) Sr E) F 8

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Ionization Energy Decreases down a group Hydrogen DECREASES! Francium Orbitals are getting larger and electrons fill further and further from the nucleus at higher energy levels. Electrons are not as tightly bound by the nucleus at higher energy levels so it takes less energy to remove an outer electron. 10

Ionization Energy Increases across a row (period) – outer electrons in the same energy level Hydrogen Fluorine INCREASES! More protons in each element as you move across the row. More protons will create a stronger positive force, thus attracting the electrons more strongly and pulling them in closer to the nucleus, requiring MORE energy to remove an outer electron. 11

Clicker Question Which of the following elements has the largest ionization energy? A)P B)Al C)Cl D)Ba E)K 12

General Trend (Atomic Size/Radius) 13

General Trend (Ionization Energy) 14