2  Public finance is about the taxing and spending activities of the government.  Also known as “public sector economics” or “public economics.”  Focus is on microeconomic functions of government – polices that affect overall unemployment or price levels are left for macroeconomics.  Scope of public finance unclear – government has role in many activities, but focus will be on taxes and spending.

The study of public finance relates to financial activities of the government including the financial activities central govt., state govt. and local govt. Public and Private Finance Public finance is concerned with the economic activities of the govt. Private finance is related to finance of a person

The study of public finance relates to financial activities of the government including the financial activities central govt., state govt. and local govt. Public and Private Finance Public finance is concerned with the economic activities of the govt. Private finance is related to finance of a person

 The subject matter of public finance can be divided into following parts:  1) Theory of public Revenue – This branch of publics finance is related to the study of all those sources through which a govt. earns revenue. In it,various sources of govt. income, such as taxes, public dbt and deficit financing are studied.  2) Theory of Public Expenditure – Problems related to the govt. expenditure are studied in t his branch of public finance.

3) Financial Administration – This branch of public finance studies the income and expenditure of the financial administration of the govt. 4) Stability and Growth - In the present times, public finance is mainly concerned with the economic stability and other related problems of a country. 5)Federal Finance – Distribution of the sources of income and expenditure between the central and the state govt. in the in the federal system of the govt. is also studied as the subject matter of public finance.

1) Public Finance is a science – Science is the systematic study of any subject which studies causal relationship between facts. Public finance is a systematic study relating to revenue and expenditure of the govt. It also studies the causal relationship between facts relating to revenue expenditure of the government. 2) Public Finance is an art – Art is the application knowledge for achieving definite objective. Fiscal Policy which is an important instrument of public finance makes use of the knowledge of govt.’revenue and expenditure. Public finance is an art. It is concerned with real problems. In short, Public finance is both science and art. It positive science as well as normative science

1) Increase in the Activities of government - Govt. responsibility today is not merely to maintain Peace and order rather the modern welfare govt also work for the economic devlopment, full employment, price stability,eradication of poverty, etc. So owing to an increase in economic devlopment and social welfare activities, there has also been an increase in the importance of public finance. 2) Effect on Economic life – The activities of public finance like public expenditure, taxation system, etc have a great effect on economic life. As a result of the govt. policy regarding taxation or expenditure, production can be increase, saving can be increased.

 1)To Achieve Adjustment in allocation of resource – study of public finance tells how coordination among the allocation of resources should be effected. Income and expenditure process of the govt. serves to allocate the resources of the country between private goods and social goods. It also determine the quantum of production of different social goods.  2)To Achieve Adjustment in the Distribution of Income and Wealth – Study of Public finance give us knowledge of those methods which help us to inequalities of wealth and income

3 ) To Achieve Economic Stability –1) In order to remove involuntary unemployment, effective demand be stimulated by reducing the taxes. 2)To check inflation, public expenditure be curtailed and the 3)If there is full employment and price stability in the economy, then existing level of taxes be maintained. 4)To Achieve Economic Development – T o increase the rate economic growth, it is essential to accelerate the rate of capital formation. Hence, fiscal policy should be so framed as to increase the rate of saving and investment and reduce consumption. It is clear from the above account that study of public finance is of utmost importance in the modern times.

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