T HE A NIMAL K INGDOM Chapters 12-19

C HAPTER 12: P ORIFERA AND C NIDARIANS : Porifera (sponges): -Invertebrates with a hollow body and two layers of cells (ectoderm and endoderm) (“ecto” = outer, “endo” = inner, “derm” = skin) -Reproduce asexually by budding and regeneration, or sexually with sperm and eggs Natural sponges for cleaning

C NIDARIANS (J ELLYFISH AND RELATIVES ): -Lives attached to a solid surface as a polyp -Swims freely as a medusa Coral reefs provide food and shelter for marine organisms

Q UESTIONS : 1. What are flagella, and how do sponges use them? (page 201) 2. All cnidarians have radial symmetry, what does this mean? (page 203) 3. Explain how sponges reproduce by the process of regeneration. (page 202)

1. A whip-like structure that they use to keep a steady stream of water flowing through its body cavity. 2. All body parts are arranged around its mouth, like the spokes of a wheel. 3. A piece falls or breaks off and whole new sponge can grow from that piece.

C HAPTER 13: W ORMS Have three layers of cells, an endoderm, an ectoderm and a mesoderm (“meso” = middle, “derm” = skin) Some types: A) Flatworms (ex: tapeworms) B) Roundworms (ex: pinworms) C) Segmented worms (ex: earthworms) Many types of worms are parasites

P ARASITIC W ORMS V IDEOS : Kids and Pinworms Tapeworms in the brain?

QUESTIONS : 1. Worms have bilateral symmetry, what does this mean? (page 216) 2. What are ganglia? (page 221) 3. Why do earthworms avoid sunlight?

C HAPTER 14: M OLLUSKS AND E CHINODERMS Mollusks: Have a soft body, usually covered by a protective shell (ex: snail, clam, octopus) Echinoderms: Name means “spiny skin”. Radial symmetry body with an exoskeleton (“exo” = outer) (ex: sea urchin, sea star)

QUESTIONS : 1. What is a visceral mass? (page 234) 2. What is the difference between univalves and bivalves? (pages 234 and 236) 3. What structure do clams use to feed? (page 236) 4. Explain how pearls are formed. (page 245)

M OLLUSK V IDEO : Nature of Things: "Aliens of the Deep Sea" (Smart Mullosks)

C HAPTER 15: A RTHROPODS Have jointed appendages (arms, legs etc) Have segmented bodies Have an exoskeleton. Examples: insects, crabs, scorpions (arachnids).

QUESTIONS : 1. For what purpose(s) do crustaceans use each of the following structures: (page 256) A) Mandibles B) Antennae

C HAPTER 16: F ISHES Are vertebrates Are ectothermic (“ecto” = outer, “thermic” = heat) Three types: a) Jawless (ex: lampreys) b) Cartilaginous (ex: sharks) c) Bony (ex: Codfish, trout)

Q UESTIONS FROM PAGE : Applying definitions #’s: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 Content Review #’s: 2, 3, 4

C HAPTER 17: A MPHIBIANS AND R EPTILES Amphibians: Breathe with gills as larvae, but lungs as adults Are ectothermic Lay eggs without shells in water (ex: frogs, salamanders) Reptiles: Breathe with lungs Are ectothermic Lay eggs with shells on land (snakes, lizards)

QUESTIONS : 1. What does the term “metamorphosis” mean? (page 287) 2. What do amphibians use mucus glands for? (page 289) Concept Review #’s: 3, 6 (pg 303)

C HAPTER 18: B IRDS Distinguished by feathers Have wings and legs Have lightweight (hollow) bones Body is adapted for flight Are endothermic (“endo” = inner, “thermic” = heat)

QUESTIONS : 1. For what purpose do birds use each of the following structures? A) an egg tooth (page 315) B) a crop (page 311) C) a gizzard (page 311) 2. Why do birds migrate? (page 316) Content Review #’s: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Page 319)

T HE I NTELLIGENCE OF B IRDS : "A Murder of Crows“ D=

C HAPTER 19: M AMMALS Are endothermic Are vertebrates Have hair, mammary glands, 4-chambered heart, large brain Types: A) Monotremes (ex: platypus) B) Marsupials (ex: kangaroos) C) Placental (ex: humans)

QUESTIONS : 1. What is a gestation period? (page 326) 2. Define each of the following: A) monotreme (pg 323) B) marsupial (pg 323) C) Placental (pg 323) Matching #’s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (pg 338) Content Review #’s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 (pg 339)