1 Using Information Technology Chapter 11 Information Systems

2 Information Systems Information Management & Systems Development 11.1Organizations, Managers, & Information 11.2Computer-Based Information Systems 11.3Systems Development: The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design

Organizations, Managers, & Information The flow of information within an organization: Horizontally - reflects functional areas Vertically - reflects management levels

4 Departments Research and development (R&D) Production Marketing Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel)

5 Management Levels Top managers - concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organizationmanagers Supervisory managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures

6 Types of Information Structured information: detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organization’s internal activities Unstructured information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organizationinformation Semi-structured information - some structured information and some unstructured information

Computer-Based Information Systems For lower managers: TPSs TPS For middle managers: MISs and DSSs For top managers: ESSs For all levels, including nonmanagement: OASs and ESs

8 Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business. Features include: For lower managers Produces detail reports One TPS for each department Basis for MIS and DSS

9 Management Information System (MIS) MIS - a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output. Features include: For middle managers Draws from all five departments Produces several kinds of structured reports

10 Decision Support System (DSS) DSS - a computer- based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future. Features include: For middle managers Produces analytic models

11 Executive Support System (ESS) ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making

12 Office Automation System (OAS) OAS - combination of various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office

Systems Development System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one: Users Management Technical staff

14 The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design SDLC

15 The First Phase: Conduct a Preliminary Investigation Objectives: 1.Conduct the preliminary analysis 2.Propose alternative solutions 3.Describe the cost & benefits 4.Submit a preliminary plan

16 The Second Phase: Do an Analysis of the System Objectives: 1.Gather data 2.Analyze the data 3.Write a report Data flow diagram

17 The Third Phase: Design the System Objectives: 1.Do a preliminary design 2.Do a detail design 3.Write a report

18 The Fourth Phase: Develop the system Objectives: 1.Develop or acquire the software 2.Acquire hardware 3.Test the system

19 The Fifth Phase: Implement the System Objectives: 1.Convert to the new system 2.Train the users

20 The Sixth Phase: Maintain the System Objective: To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions