+ Inca Civilization

+ Background By the 13 th Century, the Inca had established domination over the regional states in Andean South America In 1438, Pachacuti launched a series of military campaigns that greatly expanded Inca authority Success bred success and the Inca empire expanded By the late 15 th Century, the Inca empire covered more than 2,500 miles, embracing almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina

+ Agriculture Llamas Terraced farm land

+ Agriculture Intensive agricultural techniques Inca empire spanned many types of environments and required terraces to make farmland out of the mountainous terrain Chief crop was the potato Herded llamas and alpacas for meat, wool, hides, and dung (used as fuel)

+ Social Structure In order to rule the massive territory and populations they had conquered, the Incas completely restructured much of Andean society Relocated populations Reordered the economy Constructed an extensive transportation network Created a state religion

+ Social Hierarchy Rulers Aristocrats Priests Peasant cultivators of common birth

+ Social Hierarchy Chief ruler was a god-king who theoretically owned everything and was an absolute and infallible ruler Dead rulers retained their prestige even after death Remains were mummified and state deliberations often took place in their presence in order to benefit from their counsel Were seen as intermediaries with the gods

Social Hierarchy Aristocrats lived privileged lives including fine foods, embroidered clothes, and large ears spools Spanish called them “big ears” Inca ear spools

+ Social Hierarchy Priests often came from royal and aristocratic families Influenced Inca society by education and religious rituals

+ Cities: Cuzco Inca capital at Cuzco served as the administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of the empire May have supported 300,000 residents at the height of the Inca empire in the late 15 th Century Tremendous system of roads were built from Cuzco

+ New Technologies Major Roads of the Inca Empire

+ New Technologies: Roads Built an all-weather highway system of over 16,000 miles Ran “through deep valleys and over mountains, through piles of snow, quagmires, living rock, along turbulent rivers; in some places it ran smooth and paved, carefully laid out; in others over sierras, cut through the rock, with walls skirting the rivers, and steps and rests through the snow; everywhere it was clean swept and kept free of rubbish, with lodgings, storehouses, temples to the sun, and posts along the way.” (Ciezo de Leon)

+ New Technologies: Roads Allowed the Inca government to maintain centralized control by moving military forces around the empire quickly, transporting food supplies where needed, and tying the widespread territories together Rest stations were built a day’s walk apart Runners were positioned at convenient intervals to deliver government messages

+ Economic Exchange Inca gold

+ Economic Exchange Inca society did not produce large classes of merchants or skilled artisans Locally they bartered among themselves for surplus agricultural production and handcrafted goods Long distance trade was supervised by the central government using the excellent Inca roads

+ Specialization of Labor Inca textile fragment

+ Religion and Education Main god was Inti, god of the sun In the capital of Cuzco, some 4,000 priests, attendants, and virgin devotees served Inti Sacrificed agricultural produce or animals rather than humans Inca religion taught that sin was a violation of the established or natural order Believed sin could bring divine disaster for individuals and communities Had rituals for confession and penance Believed in life after death where an individual received rewards or punishments based on the quality of his earthly life

+ Art and Writing Quipu (khipu)

Art and Writing The Inca had no writing Instead they kept records using a quipu A array of small cords of various colors and lengths, all suspended from a thick cord By tying knots in the small cords, Inca could record statistical information 586 on a quipu