Life Span Development

Prenatal - Development

Genetics in Brief

Very Beginning At conception, you were a cell no bigger than a period. In this cell contained your blueprint…. Your genetic make-up

The Genetic Makeup of One Cell

Chromosomes Are the blueprint to you Threadlike structures made up of DNA – chemical basis of heredity 46 in each cell 23 received from each parent

Chromosomes

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) A complex molecule Contains the genetic information of each chromosome Each gene has information like eye color, hair color, height, handedness

Conception to Birth Prenatal Development

What are the three times in a woman’s life when she can’t get pregnant? Before puberty After menopause And when she is pregnant – (if she gets pregnant with another –SHE IS STILL PREGNANT) ANY OTHER TIME – A WOMAN IS FERTILE

Prenatal Development Prenatal defined as “before birth” Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.

From conception to the first year –3 stages of prenatal development Zygote period – first 2 weeks Embryonic period – 2 weeks to 8 weeks Fetal period – 8 weeks to birth

Ovulate

350 Million Sperm

Uterus

Zygote A newly fertilized egg The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division. the cells start specialize in function

Zygote cont. After 10 days zygote attaches to the mother’s uterine wall – TRANSITIONS TO THE EMBRYO STAGE It stays there for approximately the next 37 weeks

5 Days old

Prenatal Development

Discussion 1.What exactly is conception? 2.What is a zygote? 3.How long does the zygote stage last?

Embryo 14 days until the end of the eight week Most of the major organs are formed during this time. Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells Embryo – 45 Days

4 Weeks

Prenatal Development – 2 months

STOP WRITING Please stand up Jump 5 times Pick your own partner – a different person this time please Let’s discuss

Discussion 1.What is conception? 2.What is a zygote? 3.After the Zygote stage, what is the next stage? 4.What are the main characteristics of the embryonic stage

Make it’s first movements

Fetal Period The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth

From conception to the first year Fetal stage— the 9 th week on Unmistakably human in form further development of organs and systems: marked increase in nervous system development and brain weight

9 Weeks

18 Weeks

24 Weeks

30 Weeks

35 Weeks

Time to Process!!!!!

Discussion 1.What is a zygote? 2.What are the characteristics of embryos? 3.What are fetuses?

Umbilical Cord

Problems that can occur –Harmful influences that can cross the placenta barrier –Called teratogens-include German measles, radiation, toxic chemicals, sexually transmitted diseases, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, prescription and nonprescription drugs.

Teratogens Substances that pass through the placenta’s screen and prevent the fetus from developing normally Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

STOP Drinking and taking drugs, even over-the-counter medication

These children were born addicted to cocaine This child was left by her cocaine addicted mother

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children due to their mother drinking large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

Smoking and Birth Weight

Are humans completely helpless at Birth?

From conception to the first year Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted 20/500 legally blind. -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment.

The Beginnings of Life: The Newborn

Rooting Reflex Infants’ tendency, when touched on the cheek, to move their face in the direction of the touch and open their mouth Is an automatic, unlearned response Child is looking for nourishment.

Reflexes in the Newborn Sucking & Swallowing –Allow for food to be received at birth Grasping Stepping

Temperament A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Temperament A baby’s temperament is apparent after just a few hours of birth –“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly –“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable

Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted. -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment. Prefer the sounds of their parent’s voices over others

Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

Infant, Toddler, Child Infant: First year Toddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age Child: Span between toddler and teen

Neural Development

Maturation Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

Motor Development Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike???

Motor Development

Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

Stranger Anxiety The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age Lasts until approx. 2 1/2

Attachment An emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers. Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

Factors affecting attachment: -Neglect, abuse, and deprivation adversely affect attachment, however, differences in normal child- rearing practices have no affect

Daycare does not affect attachment Temperament, chronic stress, and rejection can affect attachment Cultural expectations can also play a role

Familiarity Sense of contentment with that which is already known Infants are familiar with their parents and caregivers.

Imprinting and Critical Period A process by which certain animals, early in life, form attachments The imprinted behavior develops within a critical period--an optimal period when the organism’s exposure to certain stimuli produce the imprinted behavior.

Responsiveness Responsive parents are aware of what their children are doing. Unresponsive parents ignore their children--helping only when they want to.

Securely or Insecurely Attached Securely attached – children will explore their environment when primary caregiver is present Insecurely attached – children will appear distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will cling to them when they return

Harry Harlow Did research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother.

Effects of Attachment Secure attachment predicts social competence. Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcome. A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption.