بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Chimera دمج الأجنة. Introduction The word of Chimera meaning with the Greeks is a fictional animal form his lion's head and body.

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Presentation transcript:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Chimera دمج الأجنة

Introduction The word of Chimera meaning with the Greeks is a fictional animal form his lion's head and body goats and monster tail, but at the present time is a mixing of cells from more than one embryo in the early stages of embryonic development. A method by which to produce embryo or organism made ​​ up of more than parents and so-called term in genetics:- A genetic animal or Tetra Parental animal or Allophonic. A sculpture of a chimera on the Piazetta in Venice

Historical view: The work of Chimera in mammalian embryos was done in more than one type of species such as in mice by Tarkowski in 1961 and Mintz in 1962 then in Rat by Nicholas & Hall in 1940 and Mayer & Fritz in 1974 and in rabbits by Gardner & Mayer in 1974, and in sheep by Tucker and his staff in (Carole Fehilly and Steel Willadsen(1982)( they fuse sheep and gaot). This work not done only in mammals but carried out in birds also.

Chimera production methods 1- خلط جنينين Aggregation of embryos 2- حقن البلاستولا بخلايا جنين آخر Blastocyst injection

1- خلط جنينين Aggregation of embryos Is the integration or mixing of two embryos at a certain stage of cleavage in the same phase and the first time been used by Tarkowski in 1961 and Mintz in 1962 where he was mixing two embryos in 8 cell stage, then cultured in medium for 24 hours,later formed one Blastuola from two embryos with one inner cell mass tissue (ICM), then the blastuola was transferred to the uterus of another female, and produced mixture progeny formed from different strain Figure (78).

2- حقن البلاستولا Blastula injection Used by Gardner in 1968 to Where injected specific embryo cells in the other embryo in blastuola stage. After the merger of the cells injected with the inner cell mass of the recipient blastuola and then transfer to the uterus of another female.

صورة من تحت المجهر لعملية حقن الدقيق لخلية من كتلة الخلايا الداخلية، جنين فأر أسود في مفلجة (بلاستيولا) جنين أبيض. الصور للفأر المدمج (الكيميرا)، وقد ظهرت البقع االبيضاء أصلها من الخلايا المحقونة في المفلجة.

التميز الجنسي أثناء دمج الأجنة Sexual differentiation in chimeric embryos ترى عند دمج جنين يحمل xy مع جنين يحمل xx ماذا سوف يكون جنس الجنين الناتج؟ not sterile To answer this question, some researchers have had to explain this phenomenon during the integration of embryos, it is expected that you get half of the embryos that have been incorporated carry xx / xy genes, or to be sterileعقيم, but it is striking that most of the integration in mouse embryos which produced offspring is not sterile and does not involve hermaphroditeخناث, they be either male or female (though carry xx / xy in cells)

There are two possibilities to explain this phenomenon, is that the sex cells formed in sex organ that sex xx / xy, they will die later and do not produce eggs xx but produces sperm xy because these cells xx will enter meiosis and disappear later, therefore it is expected in these types integration of the embryos to have a greater proportion of males than females. Krystof Tarkowski has examined the non- sterile males resulting from the merger and actually found that bone marrow cells which contain chromosomes xx / xy, But Beatrice Mintz found an equal proportion of male and female in embryos that have been merged.

Different embryos integrate An integration of two embryos from a particular gender with embryo from other gender, such as sheep with goats or wild mouse with house mouse. It must be the placenta tissue formed from embryo cells consisting of cells of receiving the same mother. فقد تم مثلا دمج جنين ماعز مع خروف حيث تم زراعة ذلك في إحدى الإناث ولكن لكي تتم هذه العملية فعند دمج الجنينين لابد من دمجهم مع جنين آخر يحمل نفس النسيج الغذائي Trophoblast لتكوين المشيمة من نوع الأم المنقول إليها حتى لا يتم رفض الجنين المنقول.

فعند دمج جنين 8 فلجات من ماعز مع جنين خروف 8 فلجات أو حقن خلايا من جنين ماعز مثلا مع بلاستولة خروف لابد من زراعة هذا الجنين في الخروف حتى لا يتم تكون المشيمه من جنس جنين الماعز فيتم الرفض. لقد قام كل من كارل فهلي وستيل ويلدسن (Carole Fehilly and Steel Willadsen) من جامعة كامبريج بإنتاج مدمج الكيميرا (الخروف- ماعز) عام 1982م عن طريق حقن كتلة الخلايا الداخلية لجنين ماعز في طور البلاستولا لجنين الغنم ثم تم زراعة ذلك في النعجة. سلوك الحيوان يماثل الماعز لكنه يفضل الرعي مع الغنم، جنس خلاياه التي مصدرها الغنم ذكر لكن جنس خلايا التي مصدرها الماعز غير معلوم وقد استطاع أن يلقح الغنم لكن لم يفلح مع الماعز.

التحليل الألكتروليتي لبلازما السائل المنوي يحمل كلا النوعين لكن غالبا من الغنم (الشكل 80). فمن هذه التجارب يتضح أيضا أنه يمكن دمج أكثر من جنين مع بعض لإنتاج جنين واحد مثلا يعتمد على الصفات الوراثية الداخلة في إنتاج الدمج فيصبح الجنين مثلا ذو ست أباء Hexa paternal chimera ES cell: HM1129P2/Ola (A w /A w, pTyr c-ch /pTyr c-ch )HM1129P2/Ola (A w /A w, pTyr c-ch /pTyr c-ch )ES cell: 129/SvJ X 129S1/ /SvJ X 129S1/00090 Blastocyst: C57BL/6 (a/a, C/C)

(الشكل 80): صورة لخليط مدمج أو كيميرا من ماعز وخروف يسمى قيب Geep)) تم إنتاجه من دمج جنين ماعز مع خروف.

Embryos integrate applications:تطبيقات دمج الأجنة 1- Such technologies provide new genetic material useful in cellular genetic studies. 2- Useful in studies of molecular and injection some genes with fetal cells, or to correct some genetic mutations. 3- Preserve the animals threatened with extinction. 4- Overcome some deadly genetic diseases. 5- Also useful in applied studies to monitor the development of embryos and composition. 6- Useful in biotechnology applied to the production of some antibiotics