What is Earth Science? The study of the earth and of the universe around it. Many fields of science are a part of Earth Science. Humans throughout history have always been interested in the world around them, and many cultures have beliefs based on their surroundings.

Geologist A geologist studies the origin, history, and structure of the solid earth. Geologists create diagrams and illustrations to explain the structure of the earth, such as this map of Tectonic Plate Subduction, which you will learn about in Chapter 4.

Oceanographer An oceanographer studies the oceans, including the floor, content of the water, and life forms in it. Robert Ballard, pictured, is an oceanographer who explored the wreck of the Titanic in an unmanned submersible called the Argo. You will learn about oceanography and exploring the ocean in Chapter 20.

Meteorologist A meteorologist studies the earth’s atmosphere. Many meteorologists observe weather patterns and forecast weather for newspapers and television stations. You will learn about meteorology and weather in Chapter 23.

Astronomer An astronomer studies the universe beyond the earth. Astronomy is the oldest branch of Science, thought to be at least 4,000 years old. This supernova remnant is called the Crab Nebula. Supernovas and other astronomical phenomena will be discussed in Chapter 27.

Why study Earth Science? Earth scientists help explain the processes at work on and within the Earth. Understanding natural forces, such as earthquakes, help scientists predict where and when they may occur, saving lives. Understanding how life interacts with the earth – including humans – help us understand how they gather food, avoid predators, and live their lives.

The “spheres” of the Earth Earth scientists are generally interested in three zones – the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Earth scientists have paved the way to understanding hazards posed to the earth, such as ozone depletion, recycling, and pollution An antlion nest, where an antlion uses its surroundings to set a trap for passing insects.

Protecting the Earth We will discuss these issues, and what can be done to solve these problems, throughout the course. The “living” world is usually not studied by earth scientists, but ecology is a branch of science that studies how organisms interact with the world around them.