Introduction to NM Omima Adam NMT 231

What is nuclear medicine NM Is the branch of medicine that uses radiation and nuclear properties of radionuclide's to: provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a specific organs (diagnosis). Treat some diseases (therapy). Unlike radiographic procedures, which depend almost entirely upon tissue density differences, internal imaging of radiopharmaceuticals is essentially independent of the density of the target organ

Why NM In X ray give information in morphology like (size, site and shape) but in the N.M if found morphology and function in same image.

A Brief History of Nuclear Medicine Raise after discovery of radioactivity. Radioactivity is discovered by chains by Henery Becquerel in Radionuclide was first used for the investigation of thyroid disease just prior to the Second World War.

A Brief History of Nuclear Medicine 1930s: Discovery of artificiel isotopes, notably Iodine-131 and Tc99m. First treatment in 1939 with phosphorus-32. First treatment with iodine-131 in Gamma camera (Anger) and Rectilinear Scanner in 1950s. Thyroid Imaging

A Brief History of Nuclear Medicine Liver/spleen scanning, bone imaging, brain tumour localization s. Positron emission tomography PET in 1970s+ for brain imaging. Cardiac imaging 1980s. Cancer imaging in the 1990s and beyond.

NM procedure Nuclear Medicine DiagnosticImaging Non- imaging TherapeuticGeneralLocalized

Diagnostic nuclear medicine Diagnostic procedures, such as organ imaging, in which a radionuclide, in suitable chemical form, is administered to the patient and an external radiation detector determines the distribution of radioactivity in the body. In addition to producing a simple image of an organ or the whole body, these techniques may also yield information on the function of some organs, for example the thyroid gland or the kidneys.

Therapeutic nuclear medicine It involves the administration of radioactively labeled drugs to the patients referred to as radiopharmaceuticals. most notably treatments for various forms of cancer.

Radiopharmaceuticals Radiopharmaceuticals have been defined as radioactive drugs that, when used for the purpose of diagnosis or therapy, typically elicit no physiological response from the patient. The design of these compounds is based solely upon physiological function of the target organ.

Diagnostic Imaging Gamma camera builds up an image from the points from which radiation is emitted; this image is enhanced by a computer and viewed on a monitor for indications of abnormal conditions.

Imaging methods The main imaging methods in the NM divided into 4 main types: Static. WBS. Dynamic. SPECT.

Imaging methods Static: A single image of particular structure(snapshot) of the radiopharmaceuticals distributed within the part of the body. Perform image for all aspect of the structure. It takes from seconds to several minute. Dynamic study:  Display the distribution of particular radiopharmaceuticals over a specific period.

Imaging methods Whole body scan:  By use especially designed moving detector system to produce an image of the entire body. SPECT imaging:  Similar to image of CT or MRI slices.  1-3 gamma detector may be used to produce topographic images.

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