To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Resources Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. earth.msscience.com Image Bank Foldables Standardized Test Practice Chapter Review Questions Chapter Summary

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To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Image Bank Circle Chart

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To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe Make the following Foldable to show what you know about stars, galaxies, and the universe.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Fold a sheet of paper from side to side. Make the front edge about 1.25 cm shorter than the back edge.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Turn lengthwise and fold into thirds.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Unfold and cut only the top layer along both folds to make three tabs.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Label the tabs Stars, Galaxies, and Universe.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Before you read the chapter, write what you already know about stars, galaxies, and the universe. As you read the chapter, add to or correct what you have written under the tabs. Read and Write

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 1 1 Reviewing Main Ideas Stars Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky. Some constellations can be seen all year. Other constellations are visible only during certain season. Parallax is the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from two different positions. Parallax is used to find the distance to nearby stars.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 2 2 Reviewing Main Ideas The Sun The Sun is the closest star to Earth. Sunspots are areas on the Sun's surface that are cooler and less bright than surrounding areas.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 3 3 Reviewing Main Ideas Evolution of Stars Stars are classified according to their position on the H-R diagram. Low-mass stars end their lives as white dwarfs. High-mass stars become neutron stars or black holes.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 4 4 Reviewing Main Ideas Galaxies and the Universe A galaxy consists of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. Earth's solar system is in the Milky Way, a spiral galaxy. The universe is expanding. Scientists don't know whether the universe will expand forever or contract to a single point.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Question 1 Answer Why do constellations appear to move? Constellations appear to move because Earth is moving. As Earth rotates on its axis, stars appear to complete a circle in the sky.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Question 2 Distances between stars and galaxies are measured in __________. A. astronomical units B. light-years C. red shifts D. spectral lines

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Answer The answer is B. A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year, about 9.5 trillion km.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Question 3 Sudden violent eruptions from the Sun’s surface are called __________. A. prominences B. solar flares C. solar winds D. sunspots

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Answer The answer is B. Solar flares occur when gases near a sunspot brighten suddenly and shoot outward at high speed.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Question 4 The closer the star, the greater the __________. A. absolute magnitude B. blue shift C. parallax D. red shift

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Answer The answer is C. The nearer an object is to the observer, the greater its parallax is.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Question 5 Fusion of hydrogen in a star’s core forms _________. A. carbon B. helium C. oxygen D. water

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Answer The answer is B. Temperatures must be high to cause the hydrogen atoms to fuse.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Question 1 What is the name of the star located at X? A. Betelgeuse B. Meissa C. Orion D. Polaris

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is D. Polaris is also known as the North Star and is positioned almost directly over Earth’s north pole.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Question 2 Use the diagram to determine which of the following statements is true.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice A. Star A must be closest because it has a larger parallax than Star B. B. Star A must be farther because it has a larger parallax than Star B.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice C. Star B must be closest because it has a larger parallax than Star A. D. Star B must be farther because it has a larger parallax than Star A.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is C. The nearer an object is to the observer, the greater its parallax. Star B has a large parallax.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Question 3 Which of these would be the most likely meter reading if the light were at a distance of 100 cm A. 120 luxes B. 325 luxes C. 750 luxes D luxes

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is A. As distance increases, light intensity decreases.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Question 4 Which structure on the diagram generates CMEs? A. A B. B C. C D. D

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is D. This is the corona, which generates coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Question 5 Which structure in the diagram has the strongest gravity? A. A B. B C. C D. D

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is C. This is a black hole, where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape from it.

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