Muslim Africa and the Middle East; p. 298

For almost 1300 years Muslims of various nationalities and kingdoms ran profitable empires. Muslim kingdoms and religious factions fought one another from time to time. European imperialists knew Muslims were vulnerable and began moving in to take over.

Important Term: “Colonial” A person living in a nation or region taken over and now owned by an imperialist power. –indigenous (original people) to the land or region Filipino, Asante, Chinese, Zulu, etc. –Also any White emigrant from the imperialist country. Australian, South African, Canadian, American, etc.

Muhammad Ahmad Led a massive resistance (jihad) against British invaders in the Sudan. –He claimed he was the “Mahdi”. Eventually defeated by Lord Kitchener and his combined Egyptian and British army. EC: the battle was fought at _____, in the Sudan. Kitchener was outnumbered 2:1. –Omdurman Mahdi: Arabic word for the savior of the Muslims and Islam. –EC: Like the Jewish _______________, a mahdi would protect the religion from foreign invasion (which was considered by Muslims to be supported by Satan). –Messiah

Omdurman EC What advantages did Kitchener have (4) –Gunboats on the Nile –His army was up against the Nile, so he could only be attacked from the front. –He concentrated much artillery, creating a deadly rate of fire, killing many Mahdists before they even got to his own soldiers. –Organization and steadiness of British troops made Egyptian troops confident.

1.Pasha’s not cooperating 2.Sultan’s were becoming unpopular 3.Muslims angry at westernization 4.Westernization caused social division 5.Nationalist Revolts 6.European advances EC: Why did the Ottoman Empire weaken? (6)

The Sick Ottoman Empire Pasha: A provincial governor under the Ottoman government. –Being so far from Istanbul and the Sultan, they became more powerful they began to act like they alone ruled the provinces.

Sultan The supreme leader of the Ottoman Empire. Objected to Westernization since it would take away his power. Other Issues weakening the Ottoman Turk Empire

Genocide Effort by one people to kill off a racial, political, or ethnic group of people completely. After several decades, of other ethnic rebellions, Turks had been growing suspicious of nationalist rebels in Armenia. This phase of the Turkish solution against Armenians began in 1915, during WW I. –Turks arrested and began various methods of killing Armenian civilians; mass hangings, starvation, shootings, deportations (death marches) into surrounding desert areas were common. –EC: At the end of the event an estimated _____________ people were killed….. –1 million to 2 million Armenian Genocide From the late 1890s on, the Turks began a systematic campaign to drive out Armenians.

Egypt The Ottoman Empire was losing control of its territory in North Africa. Muhammad Ali: Ottoman Pasha of Egypt who became so powerful that he acted independently from 1805 on. He modernized Egypt

Concession Special trade or military rights a powerful nation demands from a weaker one. Industrial powers wanted Persia’s petroleum Persia had strategic importance –Russia wanted it for protection against British gains in the Middle East. –Britain wanted Persia for protection of its colonies in India from Russia. Most Persians hated the Western invaders, but were divided on how to resist them: –Westernize and learn how to resist them –Resort to traditional religious ways to resist them.

Where’s the Crude? USGS map of global petroleum sourcesglobal petroleum

End hwk Begin class work

Standards Check, p. 299 How was Western Imperialism a source of stress in Muslim regions of the world? Europeans –Gained better trading terms –Demanded special treatment –Interfered in local affairs

EC: Resistance _____________movement in Arabia resisted schools of the Ottoman Empire. Wahabbi They were put down, some arrested. –Many went “underground” to continue learning “pure” Muhammadan teachings.

–EC: The _________________________ movement: younger leaders felt Turkey was not changing fast enough. –The “Young Turks” They were angry that Turkey was losing lands to ethnic groups. They believed that Ottoman rulers should be removed and replaced by a secular government. They wanted Turkey to be strong in the Middle East. –They wanted to protect what was left of the empire. They demanded liberal reforms to end the corrupt conservative government. –They became popular enough to overthrow the Sultan in The Waning Ottoman Empire

Standards Check, p. 300 How were efforts to Westernize problematic for the Ottoman empire? They led to population growth and conflict over foreign influence

EC: Ali’s accomplishments in Egypt (7) –Modernized Egypt –Improved tax collection –Reorganized the land-holding system –Expanded irrigation networks –Developed local industries –Increased participation in world trade Expanded cotton production –Intended for cotton sales to pay for big reform projects –Westernized his military Conquered Arabia, Syria, and the Sudan

p. 301, Thinking Critically 1 Why was the Suez Canal an important waterway? It connected Europe with –Eastern Africa, –Southern and Eastern Asia, –and Australia 2 Which countries benefited the most from the Suez Canal? European countries that were able to increase trade

EC: Suez EC: did the canal benefit the Egyptians at all? Explain –Yes, (3) many had jobs digging the canal Ships passing made support jobs Egyptian elites profited –No, (2) many died digging the canal Britain and France made most of the money paid to use the canal

Foreign Control of Egypt After Ali died, the French and British, under French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lessep’s company, pushed through a plan to build a canal at Suez for the Egyptian government. EC: how did France and Britain eventually gain total control of the vital canal? (4) Egypt began borrowing great amounts of money against its future cotton sales. –Europeans charged high interest rates for the loans. –Through global competition with America, cotton prices went down. –When Egypt could not pay its debts, France and Britain won control of Suez Canal as partial payment.

Where is Suez? Suez is in Egypt. The land is flat, so the canal is like a calm, continuous river –Good for commercial shipping Products do not break, Safe passage It is vital for petroleum tankers going to and from Europe and the Persian Gulf.

Standards Check, p. 302 How did Egypt fall under British control? Britain and France gained an economic hold when Egypt could not pay its huge debts. Britain sent in troops to crush an Egyptian Nationalist revolt, making it a protectorate.

Standards Check, p. 302 How did Persia attract foreign interest in the early 1900s? Petroleum was discovered