Chapter 13 Section 3

 In the South, cotton was the region’s leading export  Dependent on the slave system

 American mills along with British mills used raw cotton to manufacture cloth.  Southern planters could not keep up with the demand for cotton  Removing the seeds from the cotton was a slow process

 Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin which removed seeds from raw cotton  Did the work of 50 people cleaning the cotton by hand  Planters could now grow cotton for a huge profit

 Planters found that soil wore out if planted with cotton year after year  Planters began to move West  The cotton kingdom extended in a wide ban from South Carolina to Texas

 As the cotton kingdom spread so did slavery  Slaves planted and picked the cotton, planters used huge profits to buy more land and more slaves  After 1807 slave trade with Africa was illegal  Planters bought slaves from planters in the southeast ▪ Sales broke up families

 The South lagged behind the North in manufacturing  Rich planters invested their money in land and slaves rather than factories

 The South depended on the North and Europe for goods such as cloth, furniture and tools

Section 4

 Grand estates with vast plantation did exist in the South  Most white southerners were not rich and owned no slaves

 A planter was someone who owned at least 20 slaves  1860 there were about 2 million white families  Total of 50,000 were families of planters called “cottoncracy”

 Rich planters built elaborate homes filled with expensive European furniture  Dressed and behaved like European nobility  Many planters became political leaders  Planters hired overseers to manage the work of slaves

 plain folk” owned the land they farmed and maybe one or two slaves  Worked alongside their slaves in the cotton fields

 They did not own the land they farmed  They rented it, paying the owner with part of the crop  Despite hard life poor whites enjoyed rights denied to all slaves

 Free and enslaved African Americans lived in the South

 Most free blacks living in the South were descendents of slaves freed during and after the Revolutionary War  1860, 200,000 free African Americans lived in the South  Most in Maryland and Delaware  Slave owners did not like free African Americans living in the South ▪ Encouraged slaves to rebel

 Slave owners justified slavery on the basis that African Americans could not take care of themselves  Southern states passed laws that made life harder for free African Americans  Not allowed to vote or to travel

 Made up 1/3of the South’s population by 1860  Cleared new land, planted and harvested crops  Children helped  By teen age years they worked between 12 and 14 hours a day

 Some became skilled laborers  Carpenters, blacksmiths  Earnings belonged to their owners  Older slaves worked as house servants  Cooked, cleaned, and took care of children

 Slave codes were passed to keep slaves from running away or rebelling  Forbidden to gather in groups of more than three  Could not leave their owners land without a pass  Not allowed to own guns

 Crime to learn how to read or write  So they could use maps or read train schedules  Did not have the right to testify in court  Not able to bring charges against owners that abused them

 Life varied from plantation to plantation “work work work”  Slaves worked long hard days

 Hard for enslaved African Americans to keep their families together  Law did not recognize slave marriages  Owners could sell a husband and wife to different buyers

 On large plantation many enslaved families managed to stay together  Parents taught children traditional African stories and songs  Used folk tales to pass on their history and moral beliefs

 Enslaved African Americans were devout Christians  Spirituals song by African Americans reflected this string of hope  Popular American music would develop from African American spirituals  Jazz, blues, and rock n roll

 A few African Americans used violence  Denmark Vessy planned a revolt in 1822  He and 35 other people were executed

 1831, Nat Turner, an African American preacher, led a major revolt  Led his followers through Virginia killing more than 57 whites ▪ Whites hunted the countryside for Turner ▪ Killing many innocent African Americans before catching Turner  Turner’s revolt increased Southern fears of an uprising