Section III: Cities and the Middle Class (Pages 520-524) This section is about: How the Industrial Revolution and increased immigration resulted in rapid urban growth in Europe and the United States. The harsh conditions of urban life and the relationship between the growth of cities, which became cultural centers, and the growth of the middle class. E

1 We’re still on what happened in Europe and the United Sates during/because of the Industrial Revolution. Look at the “Active Reading” on the top right of page 520. The chart on the top right of page 521 is interesting. There are two pictures on pages 522 and 523. Which picture would most of us have probably been in? Name Population 1 London, United Kingdom 6,480,000 2 New York, United States 4,242,000 3 Paris, France 3,330,000 4 Berlin, Germany 2,707,000 5 Chicago, United States 1,717,000 6 Vienna, Austria 1,698,000 7 Tokyo, Japan 1,497,000 8 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,439,000 9 Manchester, United Kingdom 1,435,000 10 Philadelphia, United States 1,418,000 E

The Growth of Cities Cities and the Industrial Revolution Mostly due to trade: cities grew a lot in the 1800’s – during the Industrial Revolution. Factories were originally hear water sources – and people like living near water, so you can almost pick where a big city will spring up. In 1800. Europe only had 2 cities (London and Paris) with over 500,000 people. By 1900, London had 6 million, Paris and Berlin had 3 million. Glasgow, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Vienna all had over a million. Urbanization also happened in the United States 2 E (People moving from rural to urban areas)

Immigration to the United States In the U.S., this is the time the Midwest and the West started to grow (right before and after the Civil War). Immigration was also a big factor in the U.S. 1830’s: 600,000 immigrants 1850’s: 2.6 million (mostly British, German, and Irish). Many had left their old lands for political, religious, or financial reasons. For most, cities seemed like the place to settle (jobs and housing). 3 E

Immigration and Cities Most immigrants were poor – so they lived in cities and worked at low-skill jobs (and cities had jobs). Each immigrant group brought their culture. Many settled in the same neighborhoods. From 1850-1940: 32 million immigrants. There were time period for different groups, depending on what was happening where they came from. Most at this time were from Europe – and first came through Ellis Island (right near the Statue of Liberty – given to us by the French in 1855 as a symbol of freedom, hope, and opportunity) E

Conditions of Urban Life Public Spaces 4 Cities in the 1800’s were a lot different than today: Most streets were unpaved. Lots of horses and wagons. No motorized vehicles. Little or no sanitation. In the late 1800’s, they started getting police departments. Fire Departments were mostly volunteers (and most buildings were made of wood and were close together). No garbage pick-up. Polluted water. A lack of lighting. E

City Life 5 6 E But there were opportunities. Because immigrants didn’t all speak the language, they took jobs where they wouldn’t have to communicate as much (laborers) – paving streets, building bridges, working in factories. But these jobs don’t pay much. Many lived in tenements – with plumbing, heating, water, or sometimes even windows. There were always threats of diseases and violence. (run down apartment buildings) E

The Rise of the Middle Class One important result of the Industrial Revolution times is the expansion of the middle class. If you did work hard, you had a chance to get ahead (not wealthy, but at least better off). If you were in the middle class already (doctor, engineer, store owner, merchant, artisan, professional), you could move up a little, too. This time period (1840-1900) is also called the Victorian Age (Queen Victoria in England). People were supposed to be trying to become a little more respectful, cultured, ambitious, etc…) E

Middle Class Way of Life In the Victorian Age: Families often lived in single family hoses or more attractive apartment buildings. There were strict rules for how to act in various social situations. Parents were strict Children were supposed to be “seen, but not heard.” If you did something bad, it was a reflection on the whole family. ……………….. E

There started to be a gap between the middle class and the working class. Working class worked as laborers (doing physical work), in factories or sometimes did work for the middle class (like being a maid). During/after the I.R., there also started to be a separation on where people lived. ………………… E

In middle class families, husbands began to be “the provider” for the family. Women would stay at home and take on a domestic role. Before the I.R., women might have been working right alongside their husbands (or even their kids). Laws were also starting to be passed that said that kids should get protection from dangerous jobs and should be in school. Poorer families still worked. And there did start to be a class of VERY wealthy industrialists, bankers, and merchants. E

Cities as Centers of Culture 7 Cities did have “entertainment” and culture. There were lectures and symphony performances. Libraries and museums were founded (later 1800’s). Beautiful parks were designed and built (Central Park in NYC – 1857) with fresh air and health benefits. Music halls and theaters for concerts and plays. There were some VERY wealthy peopled that helped found or sponsor many of these …………………. 8 9 E

M C Andrew Carnegie (steel): gave $60 million to 2500 libraries and opened Carnegie Hall in NYC. John Rockefeller (oil): gave away about $80 million and helped found the University of Chicago and some medical centers. Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads) helped start Stanford and Vanderbilt Universities. Many others (J.P. Morgan – banking and Jay Gould - railroads) contributed as much as they could. R V 10 11 G E

This is the last slide for today Make sure page "E" is completed E