Persia, India, China and review study guide October 7, 2013

Persia, India and China 1.Anatolia Turkey 2.Salisbury, England 3.Fertile Crescent 4. developed agriculture (domesticated plants) domesticated animals used advanced tools made pottery developed weaving skills.

5. were nomadic, migrating in search of food, water, shelter invented the first tools, including simple weapons learned how to make and use fire lived in clans developed oral language created “cave art.”

6. 400,000 to 100, Eurasia, Americans and Australia 8. Hunted and gathered 9. Africa 10. Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts.

11. it is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies. 12. The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity

13. : Historical records such as documents and artifacts that come from the time being studied. -Examples: land deeds, written speeches, military orders, letters, and blueprints Historical writings dating from a time later than the one being studied. -Examples: history books and reference books

14. Mercator 15. Latitude: imaginary lines that cross the globe from East to West. -They are also known as parallels. -The Equator: 0 degrees latitude. -Longitude: imaginary lines that cross the globe from North to South. -They are also known as meridians. -The Prime Meridian: 0 degrees longitude

16. Tropic of Cancer 17. Tropic of Capricorn 18. North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica 19. Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern 20. Artifacts 21. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 22. Nile Rivers

23. Indus river and Ganges Rivers 24. Huang He Rivers 25. Rich soil and irrigation and protected from nomadic invaders 26. Hereditary rulers: Dynasties of kings, pharaohs 27. Rigid class system where slavery was accepted(upper, middle and lower)

28. Empires were territories controlled by one ruler, city-state a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state, a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen. 29. Mesopotamia/ Fertile Crescent 30. Religious Authority – 31. Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism state moral and religious conduct A set of laws that God gave them

32. FIRST WRITTEN LAWS ******* Needed a single, uniformed code of law Code listed 282 specific laws dealing with everything from family relationships to business Different punishment for rich and poor and for men and women *******Important Idea: It reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society

33. Use of metal (e.g., bronze, iron) tools and weapons 34. Increasing agricultural surplus: Better tools, plows, irrigation 35. Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phoenicians), invented their own alphabet

36. World’s first city states Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government, Centralized government based on religion authority Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties Women lost status overtime.

37. Slavery 38. Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations and the belief of many gods 39. Belief of one God and Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews 40. Abraham and Moses, Abraham was considered the founder of Judaism and Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt to freedom and helped the bring in the Ten Commandments

41. Jerusalem 42. : contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews 43. Nebuchadnezzar and the Chaldeans destroyed the great temple in Jerusalem: forcing Israelites into exile. 44. Diaspora: scattering of people, sent Jews to different parts of the world

45. Pictograms: Earliest written symbols a pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs were used as the earliest known form of writing, examples having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 BC. 46. Mesopotamia/Cuneiform 47. Egypt

48. Phoenicians 49. Tolerance of conquered peoples Development of an imperial Bureaucracy Construction of road system Practice of Zoroastrianism

50. Religion of Persia – Belief in two opposing forces in the universe (good god vs. evil god) 51. Physical barriers, such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean, made invasion difficult. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent. The Indus and Ganges were the important rivers in the Indian subcontinent.

52. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 53. Migration, assertion of dominance Caste system, which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations 54. Asoka Continued political unification of much of India Contributions: Spread of Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, good roads

55. Golden Age of classical Indian culture Contributions: Mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (setting bones), astronomy (concept of a round earth), new textiles, Literature

56. Belief in many forms of one God Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon Karma Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future Consequences Vedas and Upanishads: Sacred Writings Spread along major trade routes

57. Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future Consequences 58. Vedas and Upanishads 59. Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path to Enlightenment Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia.

60. Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the north. Qin Shi Huangdi built the Great Wall as a line of defense against invasions. China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties. Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just.

61. The Silk Road facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome 62. Civil service system Paper Porcelain Silk

63. Belief that humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness (still used in Chinese society today) Emphasis on education Ancestor worship

64. Humility Simple life and inner peace Harmony with nature 65. Yin and yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism. Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia.