Lesson 11: Designing Research

Naturalistic Observation When designing a naturalistic observation researchers need to consider;  behavioural categories,  how they will record data,  if they need a pilot study,  how they will avoid observer bias,  how they will address ethical issues.

Behavioural category = This is the specific type of behaviour being looked for as defined before the start of the study. Observers look for all these behaviours and make a record when they see them occur. They can do this on a tally chart or table. It is often easier to use a code rather than write out a full description.

There are several ways in which data can be gathered in observations, including visual recording like videos or photographs, audio recording or on the spot note taking.

When designing a questionnaire researchers need to consider;  qualitative or quantitative data,  how the questions are worded,  number and layout of questions,  the sample,  a pilot study,  any ethical issues. Questionnaires

If researchers want qualitative data they should ask open questions if they want quantitative data they should ask closed questions. Some questionnaires use measurement scales on which participants rate their agreement or disagreement with a statement.

Questions should be clear and concise and not be leading, emotive, or ambiguous. The longer a questionnaire is the more likely it is that people will not answer it.

When designing an interview researchers need to consider;  the structure,  the sample,  how to record the data,  how to analyse qualitative data,  question wording,  ethical issues. Interviews

When designing an interview the researcher needs to decide how to record the data (e.g. written notes or a tape recorder).

Who will be conducting the interview is very important. The age, gender, ethnicity, and personal characteristics of the interviewer can all affect the answers that participants give.