ZeitgeistZeitgeist –spirit of the times Paradigms (Kuhn) Paradigms (Kuhn) –conceptual or philosophical framework

Supernatural ModelSupernatural Model –Ghosts, Spirits, Demons, Outside Forces Biological ModelBiological Model –Physical or Bodily Causes of Madness Psychological / Social / Cultural ModelPsychological / Social / Cultural Model –Madness = Defective Experiences

The SupernaturalThe Supernatural –Exorcism The Greeks and the Rise of ScienceThe Greeks and the Rise of Science –Hippocrates –Plato and Aristotle –Galen The SupernaturalThe Supernatural –Exorcism The Greeks and the Rise of ScienceThe Greeks and the Rise of Science –Hippocrates –Plato and Aristotle –Galen

Biological Model - HippocratesBiological Model - Hippocrates –Abnormal behavior is due to natural causes –Hysteria –First to attempt classification –Humoral Theory

HUMORSHUMORS –Blood (heart) -- cheerful and hopeful –Phlegm (brain) -- apathy, sluggishness –Yellow Bile (liver) -- irritable, aggressive –Black Bile (spleen) -- depressed, melancholic GALEN-HIPPOCRATIC TRADITIONGALEN-HIPPOCRATIC TRADITION HUMORSHUMORS –Blood (heart) -- cheerful and hopeful –Phlegm (brain) -- apathy, sluggishness –Yellow Bile (liver) -- irritable, aggressive –Black Bile (spleen) -- depressed, melancholic GALEN-HIPPOCRATIC TRADITIONGALEN-HIPPOCRATIC TRADITION

MIDDLE AGESMIDDLE AGES –Zeitgeist: Religion and Christianity –Deviance: Good vs. Evil –Bizarre Behavior (“It’s the work of the Devil”) –St. Vitus’s Dance (Tarantism): Emotion Contagion?

CRUSH THE DISENTERS IN THE NAME OF GOD!CRUSH THE DISENTERS IN THE NAME OF GOD! MAKE THE BODY UNINHABITABLEMAKE THE BODY UNINHABITABLE –Burning, beatings, torture CRUSH THE DISENTERS IN THE NAME OF GOD!CRUSH THE DISENTERS IN THE NAME OF GOD! MAKE THE BODY UNINHABITABLEMAKE THE BODY UNINHABITABLE –Burning, beatings, torture

15th to the 17th Centuries15th to the 17th Centuries –The Witch Hunts –100,000 Executed as Witches The Mentally Ill?The Mentally Ill? –Enlightened View

Reform of the Asylums in EuropeReform of the Asylums in Europe –Pussin and Pinel –Tuke Reform in AmericaReform in America –Rush and Dorothea Dix Moral Therapy and its DeclineMoral Therapy and its Decline Reform of the Asylums in EuropeReform of the Asylums in Europe –Pussin and Pinel –Tuke Reform in AmericaReform in America –Rush and Dorothea Dix Moral Therapy and its DeclineMoral Therapy and its Decline

Return of the Biological ModelReturn of the Biological Model –From Wundt to Kraepelin –Father of “Experimental” Abnormal Psychology Return of the Biological ModelReturn of the Biological Model –From Wundt to Kraepelin –Father of “Experimental” Abnormal Psychology Mental Illness = Physical Illness Mental Illness = Physical Illness

GENERAL PARESIS –Looks crazy, but is it? GENERAL PARESIS –Looks crazy, but is it? ADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILISADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILIS –Penicillin ADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILISADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILIS –Penicillin PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTIONPASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION –Symptoms of disease caused by bacterium PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTIONPASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION –Symptoms of disease caused by bacterium

Treat the Disease, Cure the ProblemTreat the Disease, Cure the Problem Abnormal Behavior is a Disease –1930s: Insulin and ECT –1950s: Neuroleptics (Reserpine) –1970s: Benzodiazapines (Valium)

Abnormal Behavior is a DiseaseAbnormal Behavior is a Disease Problem is Biological (Brain), not PsychologicalProblem is Biological (Brain), not Psychological More Pharmacologic RemediesMore Pharmacologic Remedies Language of MedicineLanguage of Medicine

Where Does a Psychological Approach to Abnormal Behavior Fit?

3 Revolutions and 3 Major Paradigms Revolutions in Mental Illness and Health: Major Paradigms in Psychology