Taxonomy and Phylogeny SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.

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Presentation transcript:

Taxonomy and Phylogeny SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of classification and nomenclature, especially of organisms How do scientists classify organisms? by their morphology– how they look by their phylogeny– their evolutionary relationships by their DNA

In a lot of ways, classification is like sorting the organisms. Autotrophs heterotrophs Cell wall No cell wall

History of Taxonomy Aristotle (350 BC) –2 groups: plants and animals; vertebrates and invertebrates Carl Linnaeus (1735) –Developed the hierarchy of classification –Developed a standardized binomial nomenclature

Hierarchy of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species General, Inclusive Specific, Exclusive “Kings Play Chess on Fluffy Green Sofas”

How was life grouped? Plantae and Animalia (1735) Plantae, Animalia, and Protista (1866) Plantae, Animalia, Protista and Monera (1938) Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera, and Fungi (1969) Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Fungi (1977)

How is life grouped now? Domains Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota (1990) now incorporate the kingdoms Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaea (Archaebacteria) Eukaryota –Protista –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

An example… In the ONE Kingdom Animalia… –There are over 7,700,000 different kinds of animals So the kingdom is subdivided into at least 30 phyla –The largest phylum is Arthropoda, which contains ~85% of all animals So the phylum is subdivided into ~15 classes –The largest class is Insecta, which includes over 5 million different creatures

An example… So the class is divided into ~34 orders –The largest order is Coleoptera (beetles), which includes 25% of all animal types So the order is divided into ~170 families –One of the families, Coccinellidae (lady beetles), includes about 5000 types So the family is divided into ~360 genera –One genus, called Coccinella, includes about 6000 different types, or species –Coccinella septempunctata

KingdomAnimalia PhylumArthropoda ClassInsecta Order Hymenoptera FamilyApidae GenusApis Speciesmellifera What organism do you think this might be?

KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia Order Primates FamilyHominidae GenusHomo Speciessapiens What organism do you think this might be?

Writing a scientific name Always use genus & species names. Must be underlined (in books they’re in italics) Genus name is capitalized, species name is not! Examples: Homo sapiensPinus aristata Escherichia coliCanis lupus

Panthera leo Panthera tigris Panthera pardus Canis lupus (and Canis domestica) Pan troglodytes Ovis aries Rattus norvegicus ; Rattus rattus Perca fluviatalis Carcharodon carcharias

Boa constrictor Gorilla Giraffus Hippopotamus amphibius Bison bison Equus zebra Tyrannosaurus rex Elephas maximus

What makes a species? Look similar, have similar traits, and similar habitats. Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

HousecatMountain Lion KingdomAnimaliaAnimalia PhylumChordataChordata ClassMammaliaMammalia OrderCarnivoraCarnivora FamilyFelidaeFelidae GenusFelisFelis Speciesdomesticusconcolor

Sometimes hybrids can form. A hybrid is a cross between two very similar organisms– in all the same groups except for species. Example: horse + donkey = mule Mules cannot produce their own offspring.

The Phylogenetic Tree of Life

Cladistics Cladistics is a method of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics that can be traced to common ancestors

Cladistics Here is an example of a cladogram for vertebrates

Cladistics Let’s see how to put one together…

Archaea Prokaryotes Ancient bacteria Able to survive harsh environments Thermoacidophiles: heat & acid Methanogens: methanehalophiles: salt

Bacteria Prokaryotes Typical bacteria

Protista (every living thing that is NOT a bacterium, fungus, plant, or animal) Protists are classified according to how they acquire nutrients: animal-like: heterotrophic, predatory plant-like: photosynthetic fungus-like: heterotrophic, absorptive

Fungi– heterotrophic, cell walls of chitin, uni- & multicellular yeast

Plantae– autotrophic, cell walls of cellulose, most are multicellular

Animalia– all multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls