Prepared by : Nurliyana binti Dzulkarnain

 Malaysia is a South East Asian country,that is located near the equator.On all sides,it is surrounded by the South China Sea.  The weather is characterized as tropical which means warm to hot,moist all year-round.  Annually,Southwest monsoon (From April to October) and Northeast monsoon (From October to February) that is the seasonal wind which bring heavy rainfall.

Given Malaysia's geographical location, most floods that occur are a natural result of cyclical monsoons during the local tropical wet season that are characterised by heavy and regular rainfall.monsoonstropical wet season Inadequate drainage in many urban areas also enhance the effects of heavy rain. Floods in Southern Johor was believed due to recent Global Warming effect. This is because Johor is not within the usual monsoon affected zone.

People in the affected areas are being evacuated to the relief centres Displacement of thousands of people Bridges and roads washed away,houses are deluged,loss of belongings that costs million of Ringgits Damage to infrastructure

Fear and state of helplessness from loss of home and belongings Psychological impact Drowning THREAT OF THE OUTBREAK OF WATER BORNE DISEASES Loss of lives

1 They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. 2 Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites. 3 Examples of usual waterborne diseases that remain a threat during the yearly floods in Malaysia is leptospirosis,cholera, and typhoid disease.

Meet the microbes…..

Bacteria Most widely distributed lifeforms Pathogenic bacteria range in length from approximately 0.4 to 14 um and 0.2 to 1.2 um in width.Key bacterial pathogens responsible for water borne diseases include Legionella,Salmonella typhi,Shigella, and Vibrio Cholerae

Virus Inactive when outside of living host cell Inactive when outside of living host cell Virus linked to waterborne diseases have protein coats that provide protection from enviromental hazards and range in size from 0.02 to 0.09 um Virus linked to waterborne diseases have protein coats that provide protection from enviromental hazards and range in size from 0.02 to 0.09 um Unlike bacteria or protozoa,they contain only one type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) Unlike bacteria or protozoa,they contain only one type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) Key pathogens include hepatitis A and Norwalk Virus

 Protozoa  Common in bodies of water,are larger than bacteria or viruses.  To survive harsh enviromental conditions,some can secrete protective covering and form a resting phase called “cysts”. Encystment protect protozoa from water treatment disinfection efforts and facilitate spread of disease.Key pathogen include Giardia and Cryptosporidium

It is an infectious disease caused by particular type of bacteria called spirochete.Leptospirosis in Malaysia can be spread by vermins especially rats through its waste products. It is transmitted through contact with infected soil or water. People contract the disease by either digesting contaminated food or water or by broken skin and mucous membrane (eyes,nose,sinuses,mouth) contact with contaminated water or soil.

Leptospirosis symptoms begin from two to 25 days after initial direct exposure to the urine or tissue of an infected animal The illness typically progresses through two phases: The first phase of nonspecific flulike symptoms includes headaches, muscle aches, eye pain with bright lights, followed by chills and fever. flulike headachesfever Watering and redness of the eyes occurs and symptoms seem to improve by the fifth to ninth day. The second phase begins after a few days of feeling well. The initial symptoms recur with fever and aching with stiffness of the neck. Some patients develop serious inflammation of the nerves to the eyes, brain, spinal column (meningitis), or other nerves. Right upper area abdominal pain may occur. Less common symptoms relate to disease of the liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart.meningitisabdominal pain

Leptospirosis associated with liver and kidney disease is called Weil's syndrome and is characterized by yellowing of the eyes (jaundice). Patients with Weil's syndrome can also develop kidney disease and have more serious involvement of the organs affected.kidney diseasejaundice

The diagnosis of leptospirosis is made by culture of the bacterial organism leptospira from infected blood,spinal fluid or urine. However,this require rising leptospira antibody levels in the blood in order to the diagnosis The tecnic require to perform the culturing is delicate and difficult

Treatment involves using large dosage of antibiotics(doxycycline,pennicilin) at the early stages of the disease. Severely infected patients need to be hospitalized for IV fluid and antibiotic treatment. Serious manifestation in liver and kidney may require dialysis and extensive medical care

The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water. In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the faeces (stool) of an infected person. A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes can be severe. Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

 Approximately 1 in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by: Without treatment,death occurs within hours Leg crampsVomitting, profuse watery diarrhoea, Massive dehydration and shock

Successfully treated by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea. Patients can be treated with oral rehydration solution, a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts to be mixed with water and drunk in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement. With prompt rehydration, fewer than 1% of cholera patients die.

Life threatening disease cause by bacterium Salmonella Typhi. This bacteria lives only in human. Persons with this disease carry the pathogen in their bloodstream and intestinal tract.In addition,small number who recovered still carry the bacteria. Both carrier and infected persons shed the S.Typhi in their stool.

-Sewage contaminated with pathogen gets into the water used for cooking and drinking. Consumed food and drink handled by a person infected or carrier of S.Typhi How do you contract typhoid?

Once eaten or drunk, S.typhi quickly multiply in the bloodstream. Sustained fever as high as 39˚C to 40˚C. Feeling weak,have stomach pains,headaches and loss of apetite.In some cases patients have a rash of flat,rose coloured spots.The only way to detect the pathogen is using sample of blood and stool.

---- - Avoid risky foods and drinks -Get vaccinated againts typhoid fever Protection Antibiotics are given to treat disease (ampicillin, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin) Treatment

Who Are At Risk? Individuals with lower immunity -Infants -Children -Older people Immuno-compromised people Depending on - the pathogen -mode of spread -occupation Increased risk -chemotherapy -organ or one marrow recipients -Persons with HIV/AIDS

Setting up of national operations flood centre where the evacuees are placed in a more hygenic enviroment Evacuation Constant warning from Malaysian Meterological Department of possible onset of downpour Health Officers giving out warning againts possible danger of spreading of Water Borne Diseases Information Cooperation between Non-Government and Government organisation. Distribution of hygiene kits and water purification sachets Dispatching doctors to areas completely cut off from the flood Participation

diseases/waterborne-diseases.htm