Pengelolaan Pengganggu Tanaman By Irda Safni,SP,MCP,Ph.D

1.Pendahuluan - Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan 2.Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman perkebunan 3.Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman pangan 4.Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan dengan penyakit pada tanaman hortikultura & palawija Silabus

INTRODUCTION

Disease - A disease is the impairment of the normal physiological functioning of a plant or plant part, caused by the continued irritation of a primary factor or factors. Loss due to disease range from: A few to 30 % In case of sever infection: 100% crop failure

What causes plant diseases? Nematodes Bacteria Viruses Fung i

BacteriaVirusesNematodes SurvivalCrop residue Soil Alt. hosts - Crop residue Soil Alt. hosts Insect vectors - Alt. hosts Insect vectors Crop residue Soil - DispersalWind Rain Insects Wind Rain Insects - Insects Tillage Equipment Water run-off InfectionDirectly Wounds Insect feeding - Wounds Insect feeding - Insect feeding Directly - Comparison of Disease Cycles

The Disease Triangle Environment Pathogen Host

How A disease Develop……. Development of any disease depends on a close interaction among three diverse factors: The Host The pathogen The environment

Measures taken to prevent incidence of a disease, reduce the amount of inoculum that initiates the spreads of disease and finally minimises the loss caused by the disease have traditionally being called as control measures. Plant disease management is the eminent process in crop production. A disease can be managed by eliminating interaction between o A susceptible host o A virulent pathogen o In suitable environmental condition What is Control Measures……

Disease Cycle Management = interrupt the disease cycle

Siklus Primer Fase patogenesa Inokulum patogen pertama ada di lapang dan melakukan infeksi serta menimbulkan penyakit. Fase Saprogenesa Patogen bertahan pada kondisi tertentu di alam terjadi bila kondisi tidak optimal atau ekstrim. Siklus Sekunder Fase destruktif patogen Terjadi pada inang utama dan kondisi optimal kerusakan tanaman

Disease Cycle Survival Inoculum produced Dispersal Infection ColonizationSymptoms Production of survival structures Adapted from P. Vincelli, 2005 Management = interrupt the disease cycle

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 1) AVOIDANCE 2) EXCLUSION 3) ERADICATION 4) PROTECTION 5) RESISTANT VARIETIES 6) THERAPY 1) AVOIDANCE 2) EXCLUSION 3) ERADICATION 4) PROTECTION 5) RESISTANT VARIETIES 6) THERAPY H. H. Whetzel included four general disease control principles, Exclusion, Eradication, Protection, Resistance

Avoidance Avoiding disease by altering planting time, or planting in areas where inoculum is ineffective due to environmental condition or rare or absent. Avoidance can be carried out by:- Choice of geographical areas Selection of field Selection of seed and planting material Choice of time of showing Disease escaping varieties Modification of cultural practices

Exclusion Preventing the inoculum from entering or establishing in the field or area where it does not exist. Seed treatment Inspection Certification Quarantine (Federal or State) Cleaned farm equipment Cleaning farm equipment

Eradication This principle aims at eliminating a pathogen after it is introduced into an area but before it has become well established or widely spread. It can be applied to individual plants, seed lots, fields or regions It is generally not effective over large geographic areas

Eradiation can be done by…… Destroying weeds that are reservoirs of various pathogens or insect vectors of disease, Biological control of plant pathogen Crop rotation Soil treatment Heat and chemical treatment Elimination of potato cull piles Weed Control

Crop Rotation Soil Treatment Burning of infected residues crop Propane flaming

Protection Preventing infection by creating a chemical toxic barrier between the plant surface and pathogens. Chemical treatment Chemical control of insect vector Modification of environment or environment condition Modification of host nutrition

Fungicides Foliar fungicides - stop infection and colonization of host Syngenta

Resistant Varieties Preventing infection or reducing effect of infection by managing the host through improvement of resistance in it by genetic manipulation or by chemotherapy. Selection and hybridisation of disease resistance Mutation for disease resistance

Resistance - prevents colonization and disease development Soybean cyst nematode

Resistance - reduces build up of inoculum Resistant variety has smaller and yellowish-green color lesions Susceptible variety has large lesions Corn Leaf Blight

Susceptible and resistant plant to papaya ringspot virus Susceptible and resistant plant

Therapy of disease plant Reducing severity of disease in an infected individual by chemicals. Chemotherapy Tree Surgery Heat Therapy

Survival Inoculum produced Dispersal Infection Colonization Symptoms Production of survival structures How does management interrupt the disease cycle? Interrupting the disease cycle

Survival Inoculum produced Dispersal Infection Colonization Symptoms Production of survival structures Rotation; tillage; planting high quality seed Interrupting the disease cycle

Survival Inoculum produced Dispersal Infection Colonization Symptoms Production of survival structures Interrupting the disease cycle Variety resistance; fungicides

Summary The disease cycle for all pathogens is essentially the same. Effective management strategies break the disease cycle. An understanding of the disease cycle will help implement management strategies. Understanding disease cycle is the fundamental of plant disease management