SubstanceReagentObservation Primary alcohol Cr 2 O 7 2 - Secondary alcohol Cr 2 O 7 2 - Tertiary alcohol Cr 2 O 7 2 - KetoneCr 2 O 7 2 - AldehydesCr 2.

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Presentation transcript:

SubstanceReagentObservation Primary alcohol Cr 2 O Secondary alcohol Cr 2 O Tertiary alcohol Cr 2 O KetoneCr 2 O AldehydesCr 2 O AcidsCr 2 O 7 2 -

Amines L.O:  Explain basicity of amines.  Preparation of aliphatic amines by substitution of halogenoalkanes.  Preparation of aromatic amines by reduction of nitroarenes  Synthesis of azo dyes by diazotisation and coupling.

Amphetamine, phenylephrine and adrenaline are all amines

Ammonia and some common amines

N-methyl propylamine The shortest alkyl contain one carbon atom connected to the N atom, so N- methyl is added as the prefix.

N,N-diethylpropylamine

The four kinds of amines Primary amine: only one carbon chain attached to the nitrogen. Secondary amine: nitrogen attached to 2 carbon chains

Why are amines basic? Amines are weak bases. They are proton acceptors.

Reaction of methylamine as a base

Reaction of phenylamine and nitric acid

Making primary aliphatic amines Halogenoalkanes are gently warmed in a an alcohol solvent with excess ammonia. The reaction proceeds by a nucleophilic substituion mechanism.

Steps involved in making aliphatic amines Step 1: Reacting ammonia with the halogenoalkane Step 2: Removing halogen ions with excess ammonia

Making a secondary amine The lone pair of electrons on the N atom can still attack the δ+ carbon attached to the halogen on another halogenoalkane Tertiary and quaternary amines are likewise also possible

Qs

Reduction of nitrobenzene to make phenylamine (aniline) Nitroarenes can be reduced using a mixture of Sn and concentrated HCl, heated under reflux, followed by neutralisation. [H] represents the reducing agent.

azo dyes Made in two steps: 1)Formation of diazonium ion 2)coupling

1) Diazotisation reaction Nitrous acid (HNO 2 ) is made by reacting sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) with excess HCl The phenylamine and nitrous acid are then mixed at temps below 10 °C

Coupling Notice that the reaction conditions are alkaline!

E110 is a yellow colouring agent that is commonly added to a variety of foods. E110 contains an azo dye made from an amine and a phenol. Describe how you would prepare a sample of an azo dye in the laboratory from an amine, a phenol and any other necessary reagents. Include in your answer essential reagents and conditions for each stage names of any functional groups formed during the process [7]

1st stage aromatic amine / named aromatic amine / structure (1) sodium nitrite / nitrous acid (1) HCl/H2SO4 (but not conc) /H+ (1) at <10°C (1) which forms a diazonium salt / ion (1) if more than four are given, mark any wrong reagents, conditions first 2nd stage the product from the first stage mixed with the phenol (1) (in excess) hydroxide / alkali (1)