Instantaneous Rate of Change The instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to x is

Example 1: For a circle: Instantaneous rate of change of the area with respect to the radius. For tree ring growth, if the change in area is constant then dr must get smaller as r gets larger.

Example Cont’d What is the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to the radius when r = 5cm? 10cm? If r is in inches what is an appropriate unit for dA/dr?

Example Find the rate of change of the volume of a cube with respect to side length s. Find the rate when s = 4 inches.

from Economics: Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and represents an approximation of the cost of producing one more unit.

Example 13: Suppose it costs: to produce x stoves. If you are currently producing 10 stoves, the 11 th stove will cost approximately: marginal cost The actual cost is: actual cost Note that this is not a great approximation – Don’t let that bother you.

Marginal cost is a linear approximation of a curved function. For large values it gives a good approximation of the cost of producing the next item.

Consider a graph of displacement (distance traveled) vs. time. time (hours) distance (miles) Average velocity can be found by taking: A B The speedometer in your car does not measure average velocity, but instantaneous velocity. (The velocity at one moment in time.)

Velocity is the first derivative of position. Acceleration is the derivative of velocity. If s(t) is the position function Speed is the absolute value of velocity.

time distance acc pos vel pos & increasing acc zero vel pos & constant acc neg vel pos & decreasing velocity zero acc neg vel neg & decreasing acc zero vel neg & constant acc pos vel neg & increasing acc zero, velocity zero It is important to understand the relationship between a position graph, velocity and acceleration:

Vertical Motion In general the vertical position of an object is where g is –16ft/s or –4.9m/s v 0 is the initial velocity s 0 is the initial height

Example Dynamite blasts a rock straight up with a velocity of 160 ft/s a.How high does the rock go? b.What is the velocity when it is 256 ft high on the way up? On the way down? c.What is the acceleration of the rock at any time t during the blast? d.When does the rock hit the ground? e.When is the velocity zero? What is the acceleration when v = 0?

Example A silver dollar is dropped from a building 1362 feet tall a.determine the position and velocity functions b.find the instantaneous velocity at t = 1s and t = 2s c.Find the time it takes for the coin to reach the ground d.Find the velocity at impact

Example A stone is dropped from a building and hits the ground below 6.8 s after it is dropped. What is the height of the building?

Example A ball is thrown from a building 220 ft high at a velocity of -22ft/s. What is velocity after 3 s? After falling 108ft?

Example The velocity of an object in m/s is Find the velocity and acceleration of the object when t = 3 What can be said about the speed of the object when the velocity and acceleration have opposite signs?

Example A car is traveling at a rate of 66 feet per second (45mph) when the brakes are applied. The position function for the car is s(t) = -8.25t t. Complete the table and find the avg vel for each time interval. t01234 s(t) v(t) a(t)

Example The distance in miles that a person drives to work is shown below. Sketch the velocity. 2 2 time distance

HW: p omit 7 16,23,24,25,26,30,31