UNIT 10 Part 1 UNIT and 28 Path to Empire and the World Stage

The Big Picture: ■The need for oversees markets and raw materials led the United States to take a more active role in world affairs. The U.S. emerged as an imperial power after annexing Hawaii and winning the Spanish-American War. However, Americans remained committed to neutrality when it came to European affairs, especially the outbreak of the “Great War” in Despite attempts to stay neutral, the U.S. was drawn into World War I in While the U.S. played only a minor role on the battlefront, the war helped transform America at home. After the war in 1919, the United States played an important role in shaping world affairs at the Treaty of Versailles and helping create the League of Nations. However, resistance at home kept the USA from joining the League and ensuring the peace of the world in the future.

■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What were the significant causes & effects of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914? ■Warm-Up Question: –Which change during the Gilded Age was a bigger reason for the rise of American imperialism by 1900: The closing of the Western frontier OR the expansion of northern industrialism? Explain

Reasons for U.S. Expansion ■Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny ■Expansion by 1890s was different –New forms of communication led to a sense of internationalism –Looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes –New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

Reasons for U.S. Expansion New markets ■Why the new focus? New markets –The end of the Western frontier led to fears about America’s future economic opportunities –American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter –Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European nations finished imperializing

World Colonial Empires, 1900 U.S. Foreign Investments:

Reasons for U.S. Expansion Darwinism ■Why the new focus? Darwinism –Social Darwinism promoted white superiority –“White man’s burden” promoted the American & European “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity policy ■By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy”

American Social Darwinism Superstition Oppression Ignorance Barbarism Vice Civilization Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with Europe but avoided diplomatic conflicts (neutrality) The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

Alaska The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

Seward’s Icebox Seward’s Icebox: King Andy & Seward lug in a big block of Russian ice to cool down Congress

Latin America The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses In the Gilded Age, U.S. companies like United Fruit became the largest land owners & employers in many central American nations

Hawaii The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1 st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?

China The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China

Open Door Policy Peace Treaty with China

Japan The U.S. as a World Power: Japan The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20 th Century Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S.

The New Navy Alfred Mahan ■In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s: –The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships –But by the 1890s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships –The navy improved from 12 th the world in 1889 to 3 rd in 1900 The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland) 1 st big, heavy-armor ships1 st submarines 1 st smokeless-powder artillery 1 st rapid-fire guns1 st torpedoes

■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?