Who Says? Holdstein & Aquiline, Chapter 9 Citing sources 1

Citation styles Main ones are MLA Q: What does that stand for? Modern Languages Association, so it’s mainly for English, other humanities APA which we know is American Psychological Association AMA (American Medical Association) Turabian also known as Chicago Style (miscellaneous, also sort of a pain as you need to use footnotes and a References list) Proper use shows you are accountable, have proper ethos. Recall that you are building a Works Cited list, so your final list will include only sources that you actually cited in the paper. But keep a “deleted source list” in case things change. 2

Online generators There are lots. You probably have seen where they go wrong, so you need to know what the proper format is. RefWorks BibMe KnightCite EasyBib 3

In-text citations These start with author's last name or title/corporate author if there is no human author: Bibliographies are useful (Gold, 2003). Gold (2003) says that bibliographies are useful. To refer to a source listed by title you can use a brief version of the title in quotes: You have a listing “Being an Accountable Researcher” (2012) … You cite it as: Always use proper citations (“Being”, 2012). The citations signal that you are using ideas or words that are not your own. 4

Formats Note that in-text citations are also called “parenthetical citations.” In APA, footnotes are very rare. Some journals use Endnotes to elaborate on a topic. Single author (Jones, 1992). Or: According to Jones (1992) …. Note that MLA doesn’t give the year, but gives the page number. Page numbers are optional in APA unless it’s a direct quote [which for us means there’s no expectation/need to use them if it’s not] Two authors (Adams & Goldblatt, 2007). If it was a quote, it could be: According to Adams and Goldblatt (2007), “blah blah” (p. 297). Three to five authors The Internet is wonderful (Patel, Smith, Jones, & Hugankiss, 2011). Next time it’s: Patel et al. (2011) say that [et al. = et alia meaning “and others”; note the period for al.] 5

Other points If your quote spans two pages use pp. (Wong et al., 2002, pp ) Note the punctuation. Citations are part of the sentence but never part of the quote: Some point about the obesity rate (Porter, 2012). White (2014) says that, “The most important thing is the Internet” (p. 222). The comma after “that” is needed if what follows is a complete sentence. If there’s no page number (online source) don’t bother with paragraph numbers. Just use the author and year (Carr, 2008). Recall the discussion of plagiarism (Chapter 3). You need to cite when you use language or ideas from a source, including data or “individual facts” that are not common knowledge. 6