ANTITHESIS, INDUCTION AND POLEMIC REINA N. PERIOD 01 SEPTEMBER 2015

ANTITHESIS DEFINITION: A RHETORICAL DEVICE IN WHICH TWO OPPOSITE IDEAS ARE PUT TOGETHER IN A SENTENCE TO ACHIEVE A CONTRASTING EFFECT. Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures, the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers. For example: “Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.” The use of contrasting ideas, “a small step” and “a giant step”, in the sentence above emphasizes the significance of one of the biggest landmarks of human history.

EXAMPLES IN SPEECH AND LITERATURE 1.) SPEECH IS SILVER, BUT SILENCE IS GOLD. 2.) MONEY IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVILS: POVERTY IS THE FRUIT OF ALL GOODNESS. 3.) YOU ARE EASY ON THE EYES, BUT HARD ON THE HEART. SPEECH:LITERATURE: 1.) “Good we must love, and must hate ill, For ill is ill, and good good still; But there are things indifferent, Which we may neither hate, nor love, But one, and then another prove, As we shall find our fancy bent.” -John Donne’s Poem “Community” 2.) “Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav’n.” The contrasting ideas of “reign”/ “serve” and “Hell”/ “Heav’n” are placed in a sentence to achieve an antithetical effect. - John Milton in “Paradise Lost”

PICTURE EXAMPLES

INDUCTION DEFINITION: INDUCTION IS KNOWN AS A CONCLUSION REACHED THROUGH REASONING. AN INDUCTIVE STATEMENT IS DERIVED USING FACTS AND INSTANCES WHICH LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF A GENERAL OPINION. An inductive statement is of two types; a strong inductive statement or a weak inductive statement. A strong statement has the possibility of being false. When it comes to weak statements, they have conclusions which are very unlikely to be true and the reasons are weak enough showing that the conclusion is not probable. For a statement to be strong, it should be probable and should have a strong factual ground on which it is based. There are four different categories of inductive reasoning inductive generalization, statistical syllogism, simple induction and argument from analogy.

EXAMPLES IN SPEECH SPEECH: 1.) “This marble from the bag is black. That marble from the bag is black. A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bags are black.” example of inductive reasoning 2.) “Sam is a bus driver. All drivers drive at 30km an hour, therefore Sam drives at 30 km an hour.” Example of statistical syllogism 3.) “Some actors are girls. Tom is a boy. Therefore, Tom is an actor.” This statement is an example of a weak inductive statement. 4.) “There are 15 clips in the bag; in a random draw 12 are pink. Therefore, all clips in the bag are pink.” This is a strong inductive statement as it is logical and the probability of it being true is greater than it being false.

VIDEO EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

POLEMIC DEFINITION: A STRONG WRITTEN OR SPOKEN ATTACK AGAINST SOMEONE ELSE'S OPINIONS, BELIEFS, PRACTICES, ETC. Along with debate, polemics are one of the most common forms of arguing. Similar to debate, a polemic is confined to a definite side or opinion. But unlike debate, which may allow for common ground between the two points, a polemic is intended only to stick with one point of view. Polemics are usually found to work on important issues in religion, philosophy, politics, or science. Polemic journalism was common in continental Europe. Although polemic is typically motivated by strong emotions like hatred for it to really get across it must be stylized in a way comparable to drama, and incorporated into a strategy.

USAGE OF THE WORD: IN POETRY: 1.) From doubtful questions of the "Press" He wisely holds aloof; In all polemics, more or less, His argument is "proof." -"The Happy Printer" by Henry Austin Dobson 2.) Here, landlords, here, polemics nail you, Arm'd with all rubbish they can rake up; Prices and Texts at once assail you — From Daniel these, and those from Jacob. -"Corn and Catholics" by Thomas Moore QUOTATIONS: 1.) “The camera can photograph thought. It's better than a paragraph of sweet polemic.” -Dirk Bogarde 2.) “Genuine polemics approach a book as lovingly as a cannibal spices a baby.” -Walter Benjamin

PICTURE EXAMPLES

ACTIVITY -GET INTO GROUPS OF 3 OR 4 -EACH PERSON GETS ONE INDEX CARD WITH A WORD ON IT -ONE PERSON IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANSWER BUT EVERYONE IN THE GROUP CAN HELP -MAKE SURE TO KEEP QUIET SO THE OTHER GROUPS DON’T HEAR YOU

WHAT RHETORICAL DEVICE IS THIS?

ANTITHESIS

WHAT RHETORICAL DEVICE IS THIS?

POLEMIC

WHAT RHETORICAL DEVICE IS THIS?

ANTITHESIS

WHAT RHETORICAL DEVICE IS THIS?

INDUCTION

CITATION INDUCTION - EXAMPLES AND DEFINITION OF INDUCTION (LITERARY DEVICES) ANTITHESIS - EXAMPLES AND DEFINITION OF ANTITHESIS (LITERARY DEVICES) INDUCTIVE VS. DEDUCTIVE REASONING VIDEO - SHMOOP (SHMOOP.COM) BY: SHMOOP EDITORIAL TEAM.