Anatomy Bowl Prep Intro Structure & Function of the Body by Lisa Sappenfield Know and understand these terms.

 Atoms  The smallest particle of a pure substance that still has the chemical properties of that substance; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons  Molecules  Particle of mater composed of one of more smaller units called atoms  Cell  The basic biological and structural unit of the body consisting of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and enclosed by a membrane

 Tissue  A group of similar cells that perform a common function  Organ  Group of special tissues that performs a special function  Systems  A group of organs arranged so that the group can perform a more complex function than any one organ can perform alone  Body  Unified and complex assembly of structurally and functionally interactive components

 Supine & Prone  Supine means that the body is facing upward  Prone means that the body is facing downward  Superior & Inferior  Superior means towards the head  Inferior means below or towards the feet  Anterior & Posterior  Anterior means front or in front of  Posterior means back or in the back of

 Medial & Lateral  Medial means towards the midline of the body  Lateral means away from the midline of the body  Proximal & Distal  Proximal means closest to the trunk of the body  Distal means farthest away from the trunk of the body  Superficial & Deep  Superficial means nearer to the surface  Deep means farther away from the surface

 Sagittal plane  Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections  Midsagittal plane  Sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves  Frontal plane  Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into an anterior and posterior section  Transverse plane  Horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections

 Ventral cavity  Thoracic ▪ Mediastinum ▪ midportion of thoracic cavity; heart, trachea located here ▪ Pleural cavities ▪ right and left lungs located here  Abdominopelvic cavity ▪ Abdominal cavity contains stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and most of the large intestine ▪ Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and the remaining large intestine including the rectum  Dorsal cavity  Cranial cavity contains brain  Spinal cavity contains spinal cord

 Homeostasis  Maintaining internal stability  Survival depends on homeostasis  Feedback Loops  Positive-stimulatory ▪ Example: Increasingly rapid sticking together of blood cells called platelets to form a plug that brings formation of a blood clot. (The process increases rapidly until the positive feedback loop is stopped by formation of a clot)  Negative-oppose or negate a change in the controlled condition ▪ Example: excretion of larger than usual volumes of urine when the volume of fluid in the body is greater than the normal, ideal amount.