3/3/2016 Essential Question I will be able to describe the chemical properties of ocean water. Homework Page 422 Terms – define and give one fact Warm up Do you know anything about the earth’s oceans Exit What are two elements in the ocean

3/3/2016 Chapter 21.1 pages 407 to 412

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.1 Properties of Ocean Water Properties of Ocean Water Properties –Composition of Ocean water Rivers carry dissolved solids into oceans. Rivers carry dissolved solids into oceans. Evaporation leaves behind salts and minerals. Evaporation leaves behind salts and minerals. Gases enter the ocean from rivers, volcanoes and the atmosphere. Gases enter the ocean from rivers, volcanoes and the atmosphere. –Elements in Ocean water Oceans are 96.5 % pure water Oceans are 96.5 % pure water 75 chemicals elements in oceans 75 chemicals elements in oceans The six most abundant; chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, & potassium The six most abundant; chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, & potassium

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.1 –Dissolved Gases The principal gases are nitrogen, oxygen, & CO2, CO2 most common. The principal gases are nitrogen, oxygen, & CO2, CO2 most common. Temperature effects the amount of gas that dissolves. Cold water is best. Temperature effects the amount of gas that dissolves. Cold water is best. The gases can leave and return to the atmosphere. The gases can leave and return to the atmosphere.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.1 –Salinity of Ocean water Most solids are salts, parts per 1,000 Most solids are salts, parts per 1,000 Table salt, sodium and chlorine make up 78% of solids in oceans. Table salt, sodium and chlorine make up 78% of solids in oceans. Salinity can be affected by amount of fresh water and the temperature. Salinity can be affected by amount of fresh water and the temperature. –Temperature of Ocean water Oceans absorb long, invisible infrared wavelengths. Oceans absorb long, invisible infrared wavelengths. The amount of infrared determines ocean temperature. The amount of infrared determines ocean temperature. Ocean water freezes at -2 Celsius. Ocean water freezes at -2 Celsius.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.1 –Surface temperature Water temperature is constant to about 100m to 300m in depth Water temperature is constant to about 100m to 300m in depth Surface temperature does cool with latitude: poles close to -2 Celsius, tropics around 30 Celsius Surface temperature does cool with latitude: poles close to -2 Celsius, tropics around 30 Celsius In the mid-latitudes surface temperature varies from 10 to 20 Celsius In the mid-latitudes surface temperature varies from 10 to 20 Celsius

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.1 –The Thermocline The sun does not directly heat below the surface, so temperatures drop sharply to about 5 CelsiusThe sun does not directly heat below the surface, so temperatures drop sharply to about 5 Celsius It is caused by a difference in densityIt is caused by a difference in density Many lakes have this zone as well.Many lakes have this zone as well. –Density of Ocean water Temperature affects density more than salinity does Temperature affects density more than salinity does The densest water is at the poles. The densest water is at the poles.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.1 –Color of Ocean water Color is determined by the way it absorbs or reflects sunlight. Color is determined by the way it absorbs or reflects sunlight. Water reflects or absorbs the blue wavelength last Water reflects or absorbs the blue wavelength last Light does not penetrate below the surface levels and this area is in total darkness. Light does not penetrate below the surface levels and this area is in total darkness.

3/3/2016 Chapter 21.2 pages 413 to 416

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.2 –Life in the Oceans Life Ocean Chemistry and Marine Life Ocean Chemistry and Marine Life –Plants and animals in the ocean help maintain a balance. –All elements in the ocean are part of the food chain. –Deep water is storage for vital nutrients to support life. Sunlight and Marine life Sunlight and Marine life –All plants require sunlight and are restricted to the upper 100 meters of water. –Phytoplankton form the base for the complex food web that support life. – A benthos is something that lives on the ocean floor of shallow waters.

3/3/2016 Ocean Environments Ocean Environments –Two types – bottom and water Benthic zone or bottom Benthic zone or bottom –Has five zones –Intertidal zone – this the area between high tide and low tide  Mixed water, sunlight and nutrients attached marine life to this zone  I.e.. Crabs, clams, seaweed….. –Sublittoral zone – submerged zone on continental shelves  Sea stars and brittle stars live here

3/3/2016 –Bathyal Zone – starts at the continental slope to 4,000 meters  Octopuses, sea stars….. –Abyssal Zone – starts at the end of the Bathyal zone and extends to 6,000 meters  Sponges, worms….. –Hadal Zone – in ocean trenches  Unexplored.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.2 Pelagic Zones Pelagic Zones –It has two main areas –First is the neritic zone. Located above the continental shelves Located above the continental shelves Abundant sunlight, moderate temperature and low pressure. Abundant sunlight, moderate temperature and low pressure. Plankton and nekton fill this area and make most of the sea food people eat. Plankton and nekton fill this area and make most of the sea food people eat.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.2 –The second is the oceanic zone This is the area below the continental shelves and is divided into four areas.This is the area below the continental shelves and is divided into four areas. –Epipelagic zone – upper zone, tuna, dolphin and sargassum weed. –Mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic make the rest. Marine life decreases with depth.

3/3/2016 Chapter 21.3 pages 417 to 421

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.3 Ocean Resources Ocean Resources –Fresh Water from the ocean Three ways to remove salt (desalination) from oceans Three ways to remove salt (desalination) from oceans Distillation – is a process in which water is heated to cause evaporation and then pure water is condensed from the vapor. Distillation – is a process in which water is heated to cause evaporation and then pure water is condensed from the vapor. Freezing – pure water freezes first and the salt water can be removed, the pure water can now be melted. Freezing – pure water freezes first and the salt water can be removed, the pure water can now be melted. Reverse Osmosis – salt water is pushed through membranes that block the salt. Reverse Osmosis – salt water is pushed through membranes that block the salt.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.3 –Minerals from the ocean Nodules are found on the abyssal plains, they contain manganese, iron copper, nickel, cobalt and phosphates. Nodules are found on the abyssal plains, they contain manganese, iron copper, nickel, cobalt and phosphates. If a cheap method of recovery can be found, they may replace some land based mining. If a cheap method of recovery can be found, they may replace some land based mining. Some minerals we currently get from the ocean are salt, magnesium, bromine and oil from the sea bottom. Some minerals we currently get from the ocean are salt, magnesium, bromine and oil from the sea bottom.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.3 –Food from the ocean Fish is a high protein food from the ocean that is currently in decline. Fish is a high protein food from the ocean that is currently in decline. Aquaculture – is the development of plants and animals to grow in the oceans. Aquaculture – is the development of plants and animals to grow in the oceans. These farms would be susceptible to pollution from land. These farms would be susceptible to pollution from land. These farms could one day produce more food then land based farms. These farms could one day produce more food then land based farms.

3/3/2016 Notes Section 21.3 –Ocean-Water pollution As populations increase and dump more waste into the oceans it will no longer be diluted and absorbed. As populations increase and dump more waste into the oceans it will no longer be diluted and absorbed. Coastal waters are at the most risk, these are also the most productive. Coastal waters are at the most risk, these are also the most productive. Pollutants have been detected in measurable amounts everywhere in the open ocean. Pollutants have been detected in measurable amounts everywhere in the open ocean.