15-May-09 Core variables in social surveys Citizenship and Country of birth Eurostat F-1: Population Anne Herm

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Contents Current situation Proposal for Core Variables Further improvement Discussion on particular topics of data collection

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Current situation, legal base Data on country of birth and citizenship are already collected: migration statistics vital statistics Population and Housing Censuses in most social surveys (LFS, EU-SILC, AES, EHIS,TUS) or are planned for next collection, as a core variable or as optional. Two EC regulations (new) dealing with variables “country of birth” and “citizenship”: No 862/2007 on migration statistics No 763/2008 on censuses

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Core variable (1) Country of birth is the country where a person was born, specifically the country of usual residence of mother at the time of the birth. 1 Native-born 2 Foreign-born 2.1 Born in another EU Member State 2.2 Born in non-EU country Where it is feasible disaggregation by all Member States is recommended. Proposal for implementing regulation for Censuses: Place of birth in reporting country Place of birth not in reporting country Other EU Member State Outside EU + list of countries, continents etc.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Core variable (2) Country of citizenship at time of data collection Citizenship is defined as the particular legal bond between an individual and his/her State, acquired by birth or naturalisation, whether by declaration, option, marriage or other means according to the national legislation. The information sought is the country of current citizenship of the person concerned. 1 Nationals 2 Non-nationals 2.1 Nationals of other EU Member States 2.2 Nationals of non EU countries. Where it is feasible disaggregation by all Member States is recommended. Proposal for implementing regulation for Censuses: Citizenship of reporting country Citizenship not of reporting country Citizenship not of reporting country, but other EU Member State Citizenship of country not member of the EU + list of countries, continents etc.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Further improvement needed (1) Where citizenship = citizenship of reporting country at the time of survey 1) citizen by birth 2) citizen by naturalisation. Case 2) = immigration background person himself or parents immigrated. Strongly recommended to expand the list of core variables country of citizenship at birth.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Further improvement needed (2) Where country of birth = reporting country 1) parents born in this country 2) parents born abroad (immigrated) or where country of birth # reporting country 1) parents born in reporting country 2) parents also born abroad. Case 2) immigration background as parents are not origin form reporting country. An additional variable: Country of birth of mother and father.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Basic unit — country UNSD list of countries, territories and areas based on ISO 3166, but area/territory # country # citizenship List of countries Implementing regulation for 2011 censuses: gives technical specifications of the topics ‘country of birth’ and ‘citizenship’ and their breakdowns for census. Eurostat’s geographical code list: project on harmonised structural metadata for database including work on Standard Code Lists (SCL).

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Recommended: Questions related to country of birth and citizenship should ask concretely country of birth and country of citizenship of person while aggregation by groups of countries — for transmission of data to Eurostat.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Country of birth — borders Country in current (international) state borders at 1 January of the year of data collection. It may be different from what is recorded in documents, administrative registers or what person wish to declare because state borders have been changed.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Current borders = comparable data over birth cohorts Country of birth Born before change Born after change Country B (borders after change) Country A (borders before change)

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Only detailed information on place of birth can help to produce comparable data on both birth cohorts in current survey and time series for the territory. However, it may be difficult to process.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Place of birth — definition Preferred definition: place of usual residence of mother at the time of birth. It may be different from what is in documents, administrative registers or person does not know it. Alternatively, place in which birth took place. Hopefully, less problematic at country level.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Citizenship or nationality Legal concept = citizenship; by birth or naturalisation; documented; linked to rights and obligations; (legal bond). nationality ~ ethnicity / origin / being a member of a population based on culture, history, traditions, language, religion, having other links to a territory(or not) (not necessary legal bond).

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Dual or multiple citizenship A person with two or more citizenships shall be allocated to only one country of citizenship in the following order of precedence: Where one of citizenships is 1. reporting country (RC): CTZ= RC, 2. another EU Member State (but not RC) : CTZ= EUfor, 3. country outside the European Union: ctz=non-EU. Where both or all are of 2a. EU Member States (but nor reporting country), 3a. countries outside the European Union, Member States shall determine which country of citizenship is to be allocated.

15-May-09Country of birth and citizenship Particular cases of citizenship To be considered as non-EU citizens: Stateless: the legal (and social) concept applicable to persons who are not citizens or subjects of any state. To be considered as non-EU citizens and as other European citizens: Recognised non-citizens : person who is not citizen of the reporting country nor of any other country, but who has established links to that country which includes some but not all rights and obligations of full citizenship. To be considered case by case: A citizenship of country that does not exist any more. …… End …. Thank you!