Napoleon Bonaparte World History Unit 2 Lesson 4

Table of contents 1. conservatism 2. liberalism 3. nationalism 4. plebiscite 5. Napoleonic Code 6. annex 7. Continental System 8. guerrilla warfare 9. scorched-earth policy 10. abdicate 11. Congress of Vienna 12. legitimacy 13. Concert of Europe

Conservatism Liberalism Nationalism Powerful New Forces of Change In Europe During the 1800’s

n Napoleon defeated n European powers met at the Congress of Vienna to arrange a peace settlement. These arrangements were a victory for Conservative rulers.

What is Conservatism? n Obedience to political authority. n Religion is crucial to help maintain order and obedience. n Conservatism attempted to keep the old ways of governing and stop change from happening. n “Old School”

n However, powerful new forces known as Liberalism and Nationalism began to spread throughout Europe.

What is Liberalism? n The belief that people should be free of any and all restraints. n Was popular among the industrial middle class. n Civil Liberties for All. –Equality before the law. –Freedom of speech, press, and assembly. –Religious tolerance.

What is Nationalism? n People should be loyal to their nations or community instead of a political unit. n loyalty to their particular culture, traditions, language, and customs.

Liberalism and Nationalism began to break the Conservative rule of Europe. n Liberals overthrew the French Monarchy. n Nationalists began revolutions in Belgium, Poland, Italy, and Hungary.

HERO OF FRANCE OR DICTATOR OF EUROPE? Who was Napoleon?

Early life and Revolution  Born 1769  in Corsica  Entered Military before the Revolution  Fought in Revolutionary Army  favored Jacobins  felt Rev was confusing

napoleon the military man  Rose quickly in army  Lead expedition against British in Egypt

Rise to power  Popular General  Liked by people and troops  Success against European Monarchies  Helped overthrow French Government  Elected First Consul

Napoleon takes command  1799 overthrew weak Directory  est. 3 man governing board: Consulate  a 3 rd Constitution was written  no matter Napoleon took title of First Consul  1802 named consul for life  what happened to elections in France?

Napoleon Government  strengthened central gov’t  order, security, efficiency replaced Rev goals of liberty, equality and fraternity  Reforms:  1. economic  2. social

Napoleonic Reforms: Social  Napoleonic Code:  embodied Enlightenment principles. 1. equality before the law 2. religious tolerance 3. abolition of feudalism Built schools Gave jobs based on talent, not birth

Napoleonic Reforms: economic  controlled prices  encouraged industry  built roads & canals

Napoleonic Reforms undid Rev  women lost right to vote  ppl lost individual rights  men head of household

Rise to Power  Conquered Most of Europe  Military genius  annex Netherlands Belgium and part of Italy  Crowns himself Emperor

Napoleon goes for the gold n Tries to invade England- Fails –Uses “continental system” to try and cut off supplies system that closed Europe from British goods –both seized neutral ships

Napoleon goes for the gold cont… –sparks War of 1812 –Russia upset, complains –Invaded in 1812 with 600,000 –Russia: scorched earth policy –Too cold & hungryFails, loses 550,000 men

Nationalism n many Europeans did not want to be French n saw Napoleon as oppressors n Resented Continental system and French culture

Napoleon Falls n 1813 Napoleon abdicated –Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVII –transition failed –economic fears n People scared of a new king –Napoleon returns 1815 n 100 days later, Napoleon defeated at waterloo –Imprisoned for Life –died 1821

Legacy n Introduced new law to France –6 million dead in wars –Brought conquered peoples the ideas of the revolution n Europe needed to be rebuilt- would have lasting consequences

Congress of Vienna put Europe back the way it was before Napoleon leaders pursued own goals legitimacy: restored the rights of hereditary monarchs

Congress of Vienna n After Waterloo, leaders met to create a lasting peace. n Maps were redrawn. n With the principle of Legitimacy, hereditary monarchs were given power. n The Concert of Europe was created to talk about problems and create peace.

Concert of Europe n Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria: Quadruple Alliance –pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and to suppress revs, esp in France –system as Concert of Europe powers meet periodically to discus any problems affecting the peace of Europe war would not be seen on the Napoleonic scale until 1914

Conservatives n Included monarchs and their officials, noble land owners, church leaders. n Wanted to return to the way things were before n Believed enlightenment thoughts could only lead to chaos.

Liberals n Mostly middle class “bourgeoisie.” n Wanted governments to have constitutions and separation of powers n Wanted natural rights – liberty, equality, and property. n Wanted leaders responsible to people.

Nationalists n Exchanged territories created borders in the middle of nationalities. n People with common heritage wanted nations.

Challenges to the Old Order n In 1815 Milos Obrenovic led Serbs to win autonomy in the Ottoman Empire. n By 1830 Greece won independence from the Ottoman Empire. n Other revolts were kept down by powers in the Congress of Vienna.