Motion GCSE Physics

Learning Intentions By the end of the lesson we will be able to… o State the difference between displacement and distance o Recall the equation for calculating speed and apply it to solve simple problems o State the difference between speed and velocity

By definition… Distance (…travelled)- the total length of journey taken from start to finish (metre) Displacement- a measure of the overall change of position, including the direction (metre with direction) Eg. Distance travelled is 8 metres Displacement is 4 metres, east 2m 4m N Start Finish

Questions A man drives from Ballymena to Coleraine. The 2 towns are 22 miles apart. a) What is the distance travelled? b) What is his displacement? c) What is his displacement if he turns around at Coleraine and stops at Ballymoney? a) 22 miles b) 22 miles Nc) 14 miles N a) 22 miles b) 22 miles Nc) 14 miles N BallymenaColeraineBallymoney 8 miles

Displacement Extra wee bit The displacement of an object after a journey can be zero- The total distance travelled was 50 metres 25m AB Journey A – B and then B - A AB Total displacement from A to B and B back to A… zero 10m

The rate at which an object changes the distance it has travelled is called its speed. For a complete journey the speed of an object can be calculated by dividing the total distance covered by the time taken to complete the journey- Average Speed = Total Distance / Time Taken metres/second=metre/ second Ferrari 360 Spider speed distance time

Sizedirection This is the quantity given to the displacement travelled in unit time in a given direction OR The rate of change of displacement Velocity is a vector quantity e.g. the bike’s velocity is 24 m/s East Lance Armstrong

Scalar versus Vector Scalars are quantities which are only described by their size Vectors are quantities which require both a size and a direction.

Question Time Page 69 Questions mile = 1600 m

Learning Intentions By the end of the lesson we will be able to… o Recall the equation for calculating acceleration and apply it to solve simple problems o Recognise acceleration as a vector quantity

Which object has the greatest Acceleration?

Snap Shots Constant Velocity Changing Velocity Disp Disp.

The average acceleration of an object is given by the change in velocity per unit time- Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time Taken Acceleration = (Final Velocity – Initial Velocity) / Time Taken a=(v – u)/t m/s 2 =m/s/s a t ΔvΔv

Usain Bolt’s Acceleration Work out Usain’s change in motion during –f–f–f–first 30 metres –l–l–l–last 20 metres

Wee bit extra Acceleration is a vector quantity. It can be a positive or negative value. When an object’s initial velocity is greater than the final velocity then it is said to be slowing down or decelerating (negative acceleration)

Examples Example A Acceleration = change in velocity / time taken = (8 – 0) / 4 = 8 / 4 = 2 m/s2 Example B a= Δv/ t = (0 – (-8)) / 4 = 8 / 4 = 2 m/s 2

Complete the Chart showing steady acceleration All Velocities are in m/s Calculate the accelerations of X and Y What is special about the acceleration of X? Explain it’s journey… Time Velocity X Velocity Y X = 2 m/s 2 Y = -2.5 m/s

Homework Questions Page 70, Qs 5 - 8

Vectors and Scalars Spot the vectors among the scalars 5 m/s 16 m due North - 17 m/s 2 16 Newtons 7 N 67 m/s 12 seconds 94 Joules

Learning Intentions By the end of the lesson we will be able to… o Construct a distance-time graph to represent motion o Identify common shapes of a d-t graph o Use a d-t graph to calculate an unknown speed

Distance – Time Graphs This is a visual way of representing motion by using a graph.

Distance (m) Dist. Straight line, positive correlation, both increase at the same rate

Distance (m) Dist. Curves up, as seconds pass, the car covers more distance than the second before

Distance -Time graph (Pg 71) Some of the common shapes that describe the motion of an object are- speed Increasing speed Decreasing speed

Page 73 in CCEA Question 10 (answer in full!) Question 10 (answer in full!)

Learning Intentions By the end of the lesson we will be able to… o Identify common shapes of a d-t graph o Use a d-t graph to calculate an unknown speed o Recognise the link between the gradient of a d-t graph for an object and the motion of that object

The word ‘gradient’ is used to explain the shape of the line on the graph Match the phrases to the correct graphs Match the phrases to the correct graphs

A value for the gradient of a graph can be calculated by dividing the change in the ‘y value’ by the change in the ‘x value’ y x y x 0 Gradient = 75 / 15 = 5 Gradient = -4.8 / 1.2 = -4 Negative gradient, slope down

The change in y is the distance the object has travelled The change in x is the time the object was travelling Speed equals distance divided by time, therefore the gradient of the graph is the same as the speed of the object

What is the gradient, and hence the speed of the car? Change in y = Distance travelled = 800 – 200 = 600 m Change in x = Time taken = = 20 s Gradient = Speed = Distance / Time = 600 / 20 = 30 m/s

Learning Intentions By the end of the lesson we will be able to… o Identify common shapes of a v-t graph o Use a v-t graph to calculate an unknown acceleration o Recognise the link between the gradient of a v-t graph for an object and the motion of that object

We’ve seen how Distance-Time graphs can be a clear illustration of an object’s motion. Another usefully way to present this motion is in the form of a Velocity- Time graph.

Felix is bonkers…

Velocity -Time graph Some of the common shapes that describe the motion of an object are- speed Increasing speed Decreasing speed AccelerationConstant speed Slower Acceleration Stopped Deceleration vv v v v v t t t t Slower constant speed

For a Distance-Time Graph the gradient at any instant represents the speed - eg. Zero (flat) gradient means no speed For a Velocity-Time Graph, the gradient at any instant represents the acceleration - eg. Steep (high) gradient means large acceleration

Learning Intentions By the end of the lesson we will be able to… o Calculate displacement from a v-t graph o Recall what is meant by an object’s momentum o State the equation for momentum and solve simple problems related to momentum

Time (s) Velocity (m/s) 4 10 Consider this example- A car travels at 4 m/s for 10 s Velocity / Time graph for the motion

Time (s) Velocity (m/s) 4 10 Velocity = Displacement / Time Area under the graph!! From the graph- Velocity = 4 m/sTime = 10 s Re-arrange the equation- d = v x t = 4 x 10 = 40 m v d t

For a Velocity-Time graph the displacement can be calculated by finding the area under the line

What is the total displacement of each of the object’s motion illustrated in the graphs below- t V t V Area under line = 15 x 200 Displacement = 3000 m Area under line = (5 x 8) + (0.5 x 8 x 5) Displacement = 60 m

Try this one… Pg 74 Questions 13 (Ignore the last sentence in Q13 about the ‘graphical method’)

Momentum The Superhero factor!

Momentum If an object is moving then it has momentum. This can be calculated by using the equation- Momentum = Mass x Velocity p = m x v kgm/s = kg x m/s Momentum is a vector quantity

Example What is the momentum of i) the car, ii) the motorcycle? Which would have more momentum if they were both travelling at the same velocity, why? Mass (kg) Velocity (m/s) Car10005 Motorcycle20030

Momentum = mass x velocity p = m x v - For the car p = 1000 x 5 = 5000 kgm/s - For the motorcycle p = 200 x 30 = 6000 kgm/s If they were both travelling at the same speed the car would have the most momentum as it has the most mass Mass (kg) Velocity (m/s) Car10005 Motorcycle20030