Animal Reproduction

Function Why do we need to know about animal reproduction?

Conditions for Fertilization 1-Anatomy of Male & Female must be compatible 2-Female must be in Heat 3-Egg must be mature

Male Function and Parts of the male

Function of the Male. produce large numbers of live sex cells (sperm) contributes 1/2 of the chromosomes needed to create an embryo

Scrotum - sack which carries testicles and epididymis Functions as a heat regulator Testicles - produce sperm & the male hormone testosterone Testosterone maintains the masculine appearance of male animals Parts of the Male

Epididymis- long coiled tube that is connected to the testes; stores mature sperm cells * The Epididymis can store up to 200 billion sperm cells at one time!!! Vas Deferens - tube that connects epididymis to the urethra if removed= then can't reproduce (vasectomy)

5- Urethra – tube that begins at bladder and carries urine out of the body 6- Penis- deposits the semen into the female reproductive system 7-Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis from the sheath, outside of body for reproduction.

8- Sheath- tubular fold of skin that protects the penis from the environment 9- Retractor Muscle- draws the penis back into the sheath after copulation (reproduction)

Accessory Sex Glands 1- Cowpers glands- fluid that moves ahead of the seminal fluid. * cleans and neutralizes the urethra 2- Prostate- produces fluid that is mixed with the seminal fluid 3- Seminal Vesicles- opens into the urethra. Produce a fluid that protects & transports the sperm

What are the purposes of the accessory glands? 1-provide medium for transporting sperm 2-adds volume 3-provides nutrients 4-cleans & flushes urinary tract

Issues with Male Reproduction Monorchid - one fertile testicle Cryptorchid - both testes remain in body cavity (sterile) Castration - removal of testicles lack sex drive gain weight quicker

Parts of the Sperm Obj. A: Describe the parts of the Male.

Sperm Shapes Obj. A: Describe the parts of the Male. Rooster

Live Sperm Obj. A: Describe the parts of the Male.

What kind of impact does sperm form/ shape have on the reproductive process?

Sperm Morphology Double headed sperm Coiled Tail Elongaged head Pyriform (pear-shaped) head and bent, abnormal midpiece Misshapen head and proximal droplet Detached head Obj. A: Describe the parts of the Male.

Penis Shapes

Why does a pig have a corkscrew penis? Can take up to 30 minutes for ejaculation Boar screws his penis into the females cervix to help him keep mounted Sow/ gilt “stands”

Male Mating Rituals….weird The male porcupine showers the female with a long stream of urine before mating. The male anglerfish latches onto the female like a parasite, living off her food and fertilizing her when she's ready to lay eggs. The male hippo attracts a female by using his tail to spray her with his feces.

Camel Video…1:13 Male camels attract females through excessive salivation, covering their mouths in a drooling white froth. But that's not all: they also expel a pink sack from the roof of their mouths called the doula, which hangs out from the side of their mouths to attract females.

Honey Bees: After ejaculation, the male honey bee's genitals break away from the body and lodge themselves inside the queen bee's reproductive tract. This acts as a plug that blocks any other drone bees from mating with the queen. This insurance, however, comes at a cost, as the male honey bee dies soon after. Argonaut octopus: the male is able to detach an arm full of sperm and let it swim over to the female to fertilize her.

Giraffe Video To check if a female giraffe is ready to mate, the male will nudge her behind with his head to induce urination. He will then taste the urine to see if she is in heat. If so, he will follow her around until she allows him to mount. Interestingly, females that find a male to be particularly attractive have been observed to urinate more.

Sage Grouse The sage grouse has a very distinct mating ritual—the males gather in groups called “leks” and put on a display for their female audience that includes strutting around while spreading their tail and wing feathers and inflating the air sacs on their chests to let off a loud popping noise.

Trich Testing and Semen Testing

Electrojac Equipment

Repro Quiz #1: Intro / Male 1. List 2 out of the 3 things that must happen in order for reproduction to occur. 2. What is the males job in reproduction? 3. What is the function of the scrotum, Vas Deferens, and sheath?

4. What is responsible for delivering sperm to vagina/ cervix? 5. Draw a sperm and label all 3 parts. Where is the Genetic material found? 6. What is the difference between a monorchid and a cryptorchid. Extra Credit: List one male mating ritual

Trick Testing Elephant Video

Female Function and Parts of the female

Purpose of Female  Contributes the remaining ½ of the needed chromosomes to produce an embryo  care for young in uterus before birth (gestation) and after birth (parturition) until weaning.

Describe the parts of the female 1-Vulva - exterior portion of reproductive tract provides visual signs of heat 2-Vagina - between vulva & cervix Cows & Ewes: semen is deposited here Mares & Sows: semen is deposited in the cervix

3- Cervix - "Mouth of the womb" opening into uterus at birth cervix stretches to allow baby to pass during pregnancy cervix becomes blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

4- Uterus- y-shaped, includes uterine body, 2 uterine horns, and the cervix. Place of attachement and fetus development 5-Fallopian Tube - uterine horn becomes a small tube lined with cilia which aid in egg migration 6- Infundibulum- funnel shaped end of the oviducts, catches the egg as they are released from the ovary. FERTILIZATION OCCURS HERE

7- Ovaries located at end of fallopian tubes possesses large number of eggs in all stages of development Includes all the eggs the female will ever have Very few eggs reach maturity If not fertilized, the egg is reabsorbed by the body

Problems with Female Repro… Free Martin Boy and Girl Twins Female is Sterile

Repro Quiz #2: Female 1. What is the purpose of the female in reproduction? 2. Does a female constantly produce eggs? Explain your answer. 3. What is the function of the infundibulum, vagina, and fallopian tube?

4. How can the vulva give off signs of heat and parturition? 5. Where does the fetus attach while inside the womb? 6. This is the place where boars/stallions ejaculate their semen inside the female. Extra Credit: If a cow is pregnant with one boy and one girl (twins), which is sterile?

Estrus vs. Estrous Estrus (heat) - Period of time female is receptive Estrous Period from last estrus to the next estrus

What does "in heat" mean? Heat is the time when a female is receptive to the male and will allow breeding to take place

Females also show external signs of "Heat" aggressive behavior swelling and/or color change of vulva Allows other animals to mount Pacing Higher activity levels

Reproduction in Females Farm animals reach sexual maturity at 4 months (sow) to 24 months (mare) ¶ Female comes into estrus ¶ Egg released by ovary ¶ Egg travels down tube until fertilized by sperm Estrogen - female hormone which regulates estrus

4 Stages of the Estrous Cycle: Proestrus: ovary is about to release an egg Estrus: female receptivity Metestrus: uterus prepares for pregnancy fertilized egg attaches to uterus Diestrus: longest period of cycle inactive

Estrous Cycles stop after conception, and begin soon after Parturition (birth)

Reproductive Parameters for Specific Species AnimalOnset of Puberty Age of First Service Estrous Cycle EstrusGestation Mare18 months2-3yrs21 days6 days336 days 11 months Cow1-2 years 21 days18 hours282 days 9 months Ewe8 months1-1.5 years17 days1-2 days150 days 5 months Sow / Gilt7 months8-10 months21 days2 days114 days 3 m 3 w 3d

Reproductive Tract of a Chicken

MATING BIRDS