Section 2 China Urbanization and Process Academic Report: Political Reallocation and Growth of China Cities 2.The study of urbanization developing type in the east of China 4.China urbanization process (Read New China's Cities 50 years of development ) 1.The assessment of actuality of China urbanization 3.A discussion on the mode choosing of urbanization in the west of china

Urbanization level indicator:The ratio of non-agricultural population to total population （ % ） Thinking and cognition ： Urbanization is a complex social process in a specified regional spacial system. It includes the centralization of population and non-agricultural activities in the city environment at different scales, and the region advancing process in which the rural landscape changes into urban landscape. Urbanization course and forming mechanism should not only be studied on the ratio of non-agricultural population to total population ， but also the space expanding from city to countryside. Urbanization level indicator:The ratio of non-agricultural population to total population （ % ） Thinking and cognition ： Urbanization is a complex social process in a specified regional spacial system. It includes the centralization of population and non-agricultural activities in the city environment at different scales, and the region advancing process in which the rural landscape changes into urban landscape. Urbanization course and forming mechanism should not only be studied on the ratio of non-agricultural population to total population ， but also the space expanding from city to countryside. 1.1 Urbanization level 1. The assessment of actuality of China urbanization

Integrative level Urbanization Tupu Experience Model 1.2 China integrative urbanization level assessment index system Urbanization Level Index Original Data Type /Unit Year Non agricultural population in city Statistical data of 663 cities 2000 Population density in the cities Area of built-up region Land integrative roadway capacity index Digital map-line according to 1 ： 4,500,000 China communication map 2000 City light index RS Image － Pixel 1998 Thinking (Ministry of Civil Affairs Project,2003)

Index 1 Urban Population of China (2000) Non agricultural population (Thousand)

Index 2 Population Density (person/sq.km) Population Density of China(2000)

Index 3 Built-up Region of Cities in China (2000) Area of Built-up Area(sq.km)

Land Integrative Roadway Capacity Index Index 4 Land Integrative Roadway Capacity Index (no dimension)

（ According to Zuoli,2003 ） Spatial Distribution of Urbanization in China (1998) Index 5 Index of Lamplight

Integrated Urbanization Level Index Integrated Urbanization Level Index (no dimension)

Principle of regionalization: Based on the map of integrated urbanization level index Keep the integrality of the county boundary. According to the distribution of population, that is Hu Population Line: Hei He － Teng Chong line,dividing China into to parts: the Southeast and the Northwest. In the area of high urbanization level, according to the rule of city agglomeration and communication corridor, gain the city agglomeration, coastal city band, coastal city band and industrial city corridor. Divide China integrative urbanization level into 5 levels:very strong urbanization, strong urbanization, moderate urbanization,low urbanization and very low urbanization. 1.3 Regional Assessment of Integrated Urbanization Level

Regional Assessment of Integrated Urbanization Level Integrated Urbanization Level Strong Urbanization High Urbanization Middle Urbanization Low Urbanization Weak Urbanization Index of Lamplight

Regional Assessment Characteristics of China Integrated Urbanization Level Urbanization level parameter Strong urbanization （ city agglomeration ） High urbanization （ coastal city band ） Middle urbanization （ industrial city corridor ） Low urbanization （ urbanization growth area ） Weak urbanization （ urbanization develop area ） Include county statistical unit （％） Include cities （％） Include county area （％） Nonagricultural population in cities （％） Area of built-up area(%) Light index Land integrative roadway capacity index Integrative urbanization level index

——taking North-South Transect of Eastern China as example 2. The study of urbanization developing type in the east of China 非农业人口建成区面积 Non agricultural population in city Trend of area of built-up region 2.1 Correlation analysis of urbanization level Time(year)

非农业人口 非农业人口增长率建成区面积增长率 Nonagricultural population Basic cognition ： The correlation coefficient between nonagricultural population and the area of built-up area is 0.994,thus the two have high relativity. The change of area of built-up area is a little later than the change of population, and the changing velocity and range of the two are obviously different. The changing velocity of area of built-up area Time(year)

A ： Total population of the city, refers to the total size of the city B ： Nonagricultural population in the city, refers to the size of nonagricultural population and activities. C ： Urbanization level index, refers to the ratio of nonagricultural population to total population C=B/A ， refers to the urbanization level according to the transition of population D ： Area of built-up area, refers to the size of landscape and land use. P ： The changing velocity of nonagricultural population, and the change between two years is a changing velocity P=(B t – B t-1 )/B t-1,refers to concentrating velocity of population, and thus the velocity of urbanization S ： The changing velocity of area of built-up area, the changing velocity of the size of the land use in city by year S= (D t - D t-1 )/D t-1 ， refers to the expanding velocity of landscape from city to countryside （ In all the index above, t refers to the data of the same year ， t-1 refers to the year before that year) A ： Total population of the city, refers to the total size of the city B ： Nonagricultural population in the city, refers to the size of nonagricultural population and activities. C ： Urbanization level index, refers to the ratio of nonagricultural population to total population C=B/A ， refers to the urbanization level according to the transition of population D ： Area of built-up area, refers to the size of landscape and land use. P ： The changing velocity of nonagricultural population, and the change between two years is a changing velocity P=(B t – B t-1 )/B t-1,refers to concentrating velocity of population, and thus the velocity of urbanization S ： The changing velocity of area of built-up area, the changing velocity of the size of the land use in city by year S= (D t - D t-1 )/D t-1 ， refers to the expanding velocity of landscape from city to countryside （ In all the index above, t refers to the data of the same year ， t-1 refers to the year before that year) 2.2 Urbanization level index system Single Index Statistic Relationship Index Developing Type Index Index System of Urban Developing Type

From two point of view-nonagricultural population and area of built-up area, the basic features of urbanization are described by the annual changing ratio between the two. （ S t – S t-1 ） / S t-1 CTI = （ P t – P t-1 ） /P t-1 Token ： The changing ratio of nonagricultural population to area of built- up area is the growth rate of nonagricultural population per built-up area ， reflecting the ratio of area of built-up area to nonagricultural population changing velocity, and could be summed up as six changing types (table). 2.3 Model of urbanization level （ Xu Xia etc ， 2001 ）

2.4 Division of urban developing type index · CTIPSThe meaning of each type Type number >1>0 Land expandingI < 0 Function divisionII <1>0 FunctionIII >0≤0≤0RestrictionIV <0≥0≥0Sudden changeV =1The two equalsStableVI

2.5 Distribution of urban developing type Legend other

Distribution of urban developing type index within NSCT CTICity numbers Description Type Ⅰ 68 Both population and area of built-up area is growing, but the latter is faster than the nonagricultural population, mainly because its region comparison advantage or unique industry, with the aid of policy. Type Ⅱ 1 It is abnormal develop course, maybe due to disaster, breakage, or the loss of region comparison advantage, which are abnormal reasons, which leads to the center of population and economic move out or move to other places, or due new-built develop zone, which is divided up from the former city. Type Ⅲ 46 The city has basic satisfying function, having great attraction on the hinterland of countryside, and making large amount of people concentrate to the center area of the city. Type Ⅳ 9 Nonagricultural population is growing faster, while the area of built-up area is lower. Type Ⅴ 2 The city is on a basic material and economic accumulating stage ， which makes the attraction from urban center to hinterland not violent enough and the population in the edge of the city fluctuate between the built-up area and suburb, so it does not make urban landscape advance quickly to countryside. Type Ⅵ 0 When the city develops to some degree, that is, nonagricultural population and the area of built-up area reach some level, the built-up area has a limit burden, so the final result is the growing velocity of built-up area and nonagricultural population come to the same.

Urbanization comparison between Shenzhen and Beijing Bao’an County Shenzhen 1979 Shenzhen 1979 Short-staying population growth rate: In 1980 is 3.6%, while in 1999 is 70.46% Short-staying population growth rate: In 1980 is 3.6%, while in 1999 is 70.46% Urbanization level: In 1980 is 23.8%, in 1999 is 93.9% World Miracle-“Speed of Shenzhen”,average urbanization level growth rate is 7.5% per year while GDP and average GDP per person are 39.1% and 21.9%. World Miracle-“Speed of Shenzhen”,average urbanization level growth rate is 7.5% per year while GDP and average GDP per person are 39.1% and 21.9%. Document Speed of Shenzhen Shenzhen economic zone 1980 Shenzhen economic zone 1980

According to Xu Xiaoli,etc GDP and Per Capita GDP Level of Shenzhen( ) billionyuan Per Capita GDP GDP and Per Capita GDP Level of Beijing( ) billionyuan Per Capita GDP

According to Xu Xiaoli,etc Industrial Structure Change of Shenzhen Industrial Structure Change of Beijing Ratio of primary industry Ratio of secondary industry Ratio of tertiary industry Ratio of primary industry Ratio of secondary industry Ratio of tertiary industry

According to Xu Xiaoli,etc Beijing Shenzhen Comparison of Urbanization Level between Beijing and Shenzhen( )

3. A discussion on the mode choosing of urbanization in the west of china 3.1 Particularity of natural conditions and viewpoints of urbanization Basic perspective Because of the particularity of natural conditions in the west, the west could not expand the medium and large cities fast as the east, also, being in the different stage of urbanization, construction of small towns should be important.

One is developing medium and large cities Developing large cities has more advantages: large city tends to save the rare land resources, have more size benefit, and be easy to control and manage the ecological environment problems. One is developing medium and large cities Developing large cities has more advantages: large city tends to save the rare land resources, have more size benefit, and be easy to control and manage the ecological environment problems. The other is developing small towns In small towns, systemic right inequality could not easily happen, which be propitious to the security of country and the stability of society. There is much experience on the construction of small towns as the foundation. Due to close geo-relation, peasants could enter small towns at the cost of lower mental cost. The develoment of small towns could connect the markets of city and country quickly and, and then advance the development of second/third industry in the country, which absorb large amount of labor, and increase the income of peasants. Two perspectives

The two both neglect the influence of natural condition and environment on urbanization, the different stages of urbanization in different areas, especially the particularity of the west in the process of urbanization. Comment First of all, natural condition and people distribution have significant limits on the construction of urban system and urbanization. In the west, there are 12 provinces, and the total area is 6,850,000 km 2 as the 71.4% of the whole country. The population is 364,000,000, as the 28.6% of all. Secondly,the west is on the different stage of urbanization compared with the east, thus their task are not the same. Urbanization includes rural urbanization, besides the development of towns themselves, that is, town-urbanization.

Because of the environment problems caused by the change of macroeconomic forms and the development of township enterprises, the urbanization of the west could not be forced by the development of township enterprises. 3.2 The main limits of urbanization in the west Limit of ecological environment Limit of market

3.3 Urbanization in the west needs large capital and ecological industries The west should select ecological industries using its advantages. The non- polluting industries lead to the economic development, realizing” ecological construction industry, eco-industrial development” and combining industry with ecology. The west should develop ecological industry with the help of large capital. Owning to the particularity of ecological environment and the limit of economies of scale, this kind of industry is inappropriate in small-scale production.

Case of ecological industry in the west ： Inner Mongolia Yi Li Group Arid land Capital （ Mirabilite ） Village

Natural licorice Capital(Ecology) Urbanization Case of ecological industry in the west ： Inner Mongolia Yi Li Group

The particularity of the urbanization in the west is also revealed by the important position of ecological migrants and education migrants. 3.4 Urbanization should consider ecological and education migrants Ecological migrants （ ecology-disaster peak dangerous area population transfer ） Ecological migrants （ ecology-disaster peak dangerous area population transfer ） Education migrants （ Common education,population-student entering city ） Education migrants （ Common education,population-student entering city ）

This is a process of nature history, could not be accelerated or decelerated. 3.5 Urbanization in the west is the product of natural history process How does the west advance urbanization?

Commended 《 New China's Cities 50 years of development 》 National Bureau of statistics urban society survey corps, Xinhua Press ， 1999 Structure ： Introduction An overview of urban development Urban focus and comments Town statistics （ Part ； Part ） Main indicator to explain Features ： integrated, information, data, intrumental Spatial analysis with the combination of dot and face (cities, provinces, east-central- west ） Key recommendations ： P3-8 ： Basic data of the China urban develop situation P50-58 ： 50 years’ recalling and comments of the process of urbanization Commended 《 New China's Cities 50 years of development 》 National Bureau of statistics urban society survey corps, Xinhua Press ， 1999 Structure ： Introduction An overview of urban development Urban focus and comments Town statistics （ Part ； Part ） Main indicator to explain Features ： integrated, information, data, intrumental Spatial analysis with the combination of dot and face (cities, provinces, east-central- west ） Key recommendations ： P3-8 ： Basic data of the China urban develop situation P50-58 ： 50 years’ recalling and comments of the process of urbanization 4. China urbanization process (Read New China's Cities 50 years of development ) Increased consciousness of using yearbooks

The basic data of the development of China cities 1 ） Ranged by provinces （ ） The basic data of the development of China cities 1 ） Ranged by provinces （ ） Total Beijing Tianjin Hebei Shanxi Inner Mongolia Liaoning Jinlin Hei Longjiang Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang Anhui Fujian Jiangxi 1. Developing situations of cities in China(arranged by provinces, ) The change of quantity,scale and regional distribution of cities for 50 years Unit: number

Shandong Henan Guangxi Shaanxi Gansu Sinkiang Ningxia Qinghai Tibet Yunnan Guizhou Szechwan Chongqing Hainan Guangdong Hunan Hubei

2 ） Ranged by level of administrative grade （ ） 2 ） Ranged by level of administrative grade （ ） Year Total Municipality City of vice provincial level City of district levelCity of county level

Year Total Municipality City of vice provincial level City of district levelCity of county level

3 ） Ranged by regions (west, central, east) （ ） Year Total Eastern ChinaCentral China Western China

YearTotal Eastern ChinaCentral China Western China

4 ） Ranged by the scale of population （ ） 4 ） Ranged by the scale of population （ ） YearTotalMetropolis Big cityMiddle city Small city

“50 years’ review and comments of the process of urbanization” Structure Structural change and overall trends of urbanization 1.Growing urban population 2.Growing urban nonagricultural population 3.Growing number of cities 4.City regional expansion 5.City itself developing to higher level 1.Growing urban population 2.Growing urban nonagricultural population 3.Growing number of cities 4.City regional expansion 5.City itself developing to higher level Stage of urbanization ： Begin to develop ； ： Instable developing ： stagnating developing ； 1978 to now ： stable and rapid developing ： Begin to develop ； ： Instable developing ： stagnating developing ； 1978 to now ： stable and rapid developing Comments of urbanization （ questions and comments ）

Read Figure 1. Change Trend of Urban Population of China from 1949 to 1997 Non Agricultural Population in Cities(ten thousand persons)

Read Figure 2. Non Agricultural Population Increasing Tendency of Different Scale Cities( ) Non Agricultural Population in Cities(ten thousand persons) Figure 3. Population Increasing Tendency of Different Regions Eastern Central Western Huge Large Middle Small

Read Figure 4. Change Tendency of Urbanization Level of China( ) Proportion of Non Agricultural Population for that of the whole country(%)

Read Figure 5. Change of City Numbers( ) Figure 6. Change of City Numbers of Different Scales( ) City Numbers Huge Large Middle Small

Read Figure 7. Alteration of City Numbers of Eastern,Central and Western China( ) City Numbers Eastern Central Western