“Kill the Indian, Save the Man”

What does it mean to be civilized as opposed to uncivilized? Do you consider yourself to be civilized? What is the longest time period that you have been away from your parents/loved ones? Was this a voluntary separation? How long were you apart? How did you feel while being apart?

“Native education was not a class education but one that strengthened and encouraged the individual to grow.” – Luther Standing Bear

Assimilation into white culture & educational training = self-sufficiency and peace between Native Americans and whites

1860s: 48 “day schools” Students left reservation for schooling – returned at night Goal: civilize parents by sharing what was learned – opposite happened Late 1870s: reservation boarding schools Students stayed at school all week – families just moved closer Pratt’s idea: off-reservation boarding schools

Received governmental approval to educate Indian children = boarding schools “educated far from the contaminating influences of family and tribal society”

1879 First off- reservation boarding school

First students: 60 boys and 24 girls from Pine Ridge and Rosebud Sioux reservations in Dakotas _map.html _map.html Language: English (if not, punished) Religion: Christianity Names: Anglo-Saxon Christian names Hair: short Clothes: western style/military uniforms

A.M. Rising Bell and Reveille Assembly Call Mess Call and Breakfast Bell Work Whistle School Bell Recall Bell from School Recall Bell from Work Assembly Call Mess Call and Dinner Bell 6:00 6:15 6:25, 6:30 7:25, 7:30 8:30, 8:35 11:30, 11:35 11:30 11:45 11:55, 12:00 P.M. Work Whistle School Bell Recall Bell from School Flag Salute Supper Evening Hour Roll Call and Prayer Taps and Inspection 12:55, 1:00 1:10, 1:15 4:00, 4:05 Spring/Summer 5:45 Fall/Winter 5:25 Spring/Summer 6:00 Fall/Winter 5:30 Spring/Summer 7:30-8:30 Fall/Winter 7:00-8:00 8:45 9:30

Boys: agricultural or trade skills Girls: housekeeping skills Sports programs Music programs After: indentured to white families for several years

BeforeAfter

– Tom Torlino, Navajo

Closed in 1918 Successful? Skills often not practical back on reservations End of Carlisle does not mean end to boarding schools

1885: 6,200 in 60 schools 1900: 17,000 in 153 schools 1932: 24,000 – nearly 1/3 of Indian children Source: Kelley, Matt. "American Indian boarding schools: 'That hurt that never goes away'