7.7: Standard Molar Entropies Standard Molar Entropy = Entropy of 1 mole of material at 298.15 K and 1 bar When we consider the standard molar entropies.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
CAUSES OF CHANGE Order and Spontaneity. Enthalpy and Reactions Some reactions happen easily, but some others do not. Sodium and chlorine readily react.
Advertisements

The entropy, S, of a system quantifies the degree of disorder or randomness in the system; larger the number of arrangements available to the system, larger.
Chemical Reactions and Energy; Basic Thermodynamics Section 20.1.
Entropy and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics Unit 10. Endothermic vs. Exothermic Endo – chemical absorbs or takes in energy or heat Exo – chemical produces or gives off energy or heat.
Thermochemistry Chapter 17.
Chemical Thermodynamics the study of Reaction Feasibility.
Chemical Thermodynamics
Ch. 19: Chemical Thermodynamics (Thermochemistry II) Chemical thermodynamics is concerned with energy relationships in chemical reactions. - We consider.
First Law of Thermodynamics-The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Second Law of Thermodynamics- All real processes occur spontaneously.
Chapter 20: Thermodynamics
In general, the more atoms in its molecules, the greater is the entropy of a substance Entropy is a function of temperature.
Thermodynamics Chapter 19. First Law of Thermodynamics You will recall from Chapter 5 that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, the total.
Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics HW:
THERMODYNAMICS: ENTROPY, FREE ENERGY, AND EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 17.
Free Energy and Temperature Free energy decreases (becomes more negative) as temperature At low T, G m for solid phase is lower than that of liquid or.
6.04.  A spontaneous change is a change in a system that proceeds without a net input of energy from an outside source.  Needs some activation energy.
Ch. 16: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy 16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy.
Thermodynamics 3 Thermodynamics examines the heat and work as well as spontaneity of a reaction. Spontaneity is the notion of whether.
Chapter 19: Chemical Thermodynamics Spontaneous processes… …happen without outside help …are “product favored”
11 Entropy and Free Energy How to predict if a reaction can occur, given enough time? THERMODYNAMICS How to predict if a reaction can occur at a reasonable.
Spontaneous Reactions Proceed forward on their own without outside or external cause. Proceed forward on their own without outside or external cause. Certain.
1 Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy Chapter The heat tax No matter what the process, heat always lost to surroundings No matter what the process, heat.
First Law of Thermodynamics – Basically the law of conservation of energy energy can be neither created nor destroyed i.e., the energy of the universe.
Thermodynamics REACTION SPONTANEITY “stuff happens”
CHEMISTRY 122 HEAT OF SOLUTION. HEAT OF SOLUTION (∆H soln )  During the formation of a solution, heat is either released or absorbed  The enthalpy change.
The Driving Forces of Reactions. In chemistry we are concerned with whether a reaction will occur spontaneously, and under what conditions will it occur.
Spontaneity. Recap of Enthalpy Describes chemical potential energy stored in matter. Can only measure changes in enthalpy. Enthalpy is arithmetical. –Reverse.
What are the driving forces behind chemical reactions?
Thermochemistry 10/15/10. Part I: Thermochemistry Basics thermochemistry = the study of the transfers of energy as heat that accompany chemical reactions.
Bond Enthalpies How does a chemical reaction have energy?
Thermodynamics. study of energy changes that accompany physical and chemical processes. Thermochemistry is one component of thermodynamics which focuses.
THERMODYNAMICS spontaneous reactions. Why do reactions occur? 14 KMnO C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 7 K 2 CO Mn 2 O CO H 2 O.
The Driving Forces of Reactions AP Chemistry. In chemistry we are concerned with whether a reaction will occur spontaneously, and under what conditions.
11 Spontaneous Process A process is spontaneous if it occurs without outside intervention, it happens on its own. Spontaneous processes can be fast or.
Thermodynamics Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net.
Spontaneity. Spontaneous Processes P/C change that occurs with no outside intervention exothermic chemical rxns are spontaneous energy still must be supplied.
* Studying energy flow in chemical changes allows us to predict what is possible and what is not. * 1 st Law of Thermodynamics PE tends only to decrease.
3.3 Phase Changes What are six common phase changes?
Topic: Reaction Spontaneity Do Now:. Spontaneous Processes no outside intervention =physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention.
Energy & Heat Energy – ability to produce heat Heat - energy in the process of flowing from a warmer object to a cooler object. In chemical reactions.
Is this your room? Then you already know about entropy.
Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Overview: Spontaneity and Entropy Entropy and Probability Second Law of Thermodynamics Free Energy and.
11 Entropy and Free Energy How to predict if a reaction can occur, given enough time? THERMODYNAMICS How to predict if a reaction can occur at a reasonable.
Predicting and Calculating Entropy
Topic: Reaction Spontaneity Do Now:. Spontaneous Processes no outside intervention =physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention.
Entropy Entropy, S, is the quantitative measure of the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy is ‘a measure of disorder’ or ‘the amount of randomness’
Special Note: Endothermic Reactions As long as the total entropy is slightly positive, endothermic reactions will go forward Spontaneity is determined.
Reaction Energy and Reaction Kinetics Chapter 17 Notes.
Chemistry 101 : Chap. 19 Chemical Thermodynamics (1) Spontaneous Processes (2) Entropy and The Second Law of Thermodynamics (3) Molecular Interpretation.
Kinetics and Equilibrium. Kinetics Kinetics is the part of chemistry that examines the rates of chemical reactions. Collision theory is the concept of.
Prentice Hall © 2003Chapter 19 Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics CHEMISTRY The Central Science 9th Edition David P. White.
Energy in Phase Changes. System vs. Surroundings The system is the part of the universe that interests us, i.e. the reactants and products in a chemical.
Chapter 19, Part III Spontaneous vs. Non-spontaneous Entropy vs. enthalpy.
Thermodynamics Will a reaction happen?. Energy Substances tend to react to achieve the lowest energy state. Most chemical reactions are exothermic. Doesn’t.
Thermodynamics (the other part) Topic 19 in Red Book Chapter 16 in textbook.
Chapter 3 The Second Law Unit 1 The second law of thermodynamics and Entropy Spring 2009.
Chemical Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics You will recall from earlier this year that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Therefore, the.
Heat Transfer Heat energy is caused by random motion and collision of particles. Heat is measured in joules or calories. Heat cannot be created or destroyed,
Reaction Spontaneity. 1. Spontaneous Process First Law of Thermodynamics- “Conservation of Energy” – Energy can change form but it cannot be created or.
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 2 ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
Entropy & Spontaneity Chapter 17. Review Enthalpy – ∆H=q - heat of reaction Exothermic vs. endothermic Exothermic is generally favored in nature Kinetics.
Chapter 19 Spontaneity, entropy and free energy (rev. 11/09/08)
Chapter 17 Notes1 Chapter 17 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium 1. review of terms; definitions; 2. Is it spontaneous? 3. entropy; some.
Chapter 23 Thermodynamics What is the driving force for every process in the universe?
Prairie High School Chemistry
Week 24 Explain that entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system, and that a system becomes energetically more stable when it becomes more disordered.
Thermochemistry Chapter 17.
Enthalpy Nature is lazy Nature loves decreases in heat
Presentation transcript:

7.7: Standard Molar Entropies Standard Molar Entropy = Entropy of 1 mole of material at K and 1 bar When we consider the standard molar entropies of molecules, we apply the following rule: Standard Molar Entropies Increase as the Complexity of a Substance Increases and The Standard Molar Entropies of gases are higher than those of liquids or solids at the same temperature

What Does this Mean? 

7.8: Standard Reaction Entropies Entropy and the tendency for spontaneous processes to increase the entropy of a system can be used to predict if/how reactions will occur We know from S º m that one set of molecules will have lower entropy than another –Taking the same logic a step further will allow us to predict the change in entropy of a reaction

Standard Reaction Entropies Remember: 1.Molar entropy of a gas is much higher than that of a liquid or solid Increase in the number of gas molecules means (usually) a higher entropy after a reaction Vice versa for a decrease in the number of gas molecules 2.Breaking larger molecules down into smaller molecules usually results in an increase in entropy More molecules means more disorder 3.Dissolving a solid into a liquid usually increases the entropy 

Calculating the Entropy of a Reaction Sometimes we can’t always use our judgment and we need to calculate the entropy In order to do this, we need the standard molar entropies of the products and the reactants as well as the number of moles of each 

Global Changes in Entropy We know now about the role of entropy in chemical reactions and spontaneous processes How can we use entropy to explain processes that spontaneously happen, but appear to go against the 2nd Law? –Water freezing to ice –Cold packs becoming cold in the summer –Cells forming from the primordial seas The contradiction is just a matter of scale…

Isolated Systems The system may be doing something that seems to be contradictory to the 2nd Law, but when the surroundings are included, we form an Isolated System Reactions will occur spontaneously if the TOTAL entropy change is positive

The Surroundings If  S Tot is positive, the reaction is spontaneous If the  S system is negative, the reaction will still be spontaneous if  S Surr is that much more positive  S Tot =  S System +  S Surr

 S and Enthalpy We can better understand the role of the surroundings by looking at the boiling of water… 

Summary of System and Surroundings Exothermic vs Endothermic Reactions 