05 Novembre years of research in physics European Organization for Nuclear Research

2 CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Founded in 1954 by 12 countries Today: 20 member states More than 7000 users from all over the world ~1000 MCHF / Year budget 1954: Convention establishing the Organization - original signatures2004: The 20 member states

3 CERN site Geneva Airport LHC accelerator CERN main site SPS accelerator CERN 2nd site

4 CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators Accelerator chain at CERN, a complex business

5 CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties. Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors The highest energy of any accelerator in the world The most intense beams of colliding particles It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space

6 The LHC: what it will look like The LHC will start operation in It will certainly change our view of the Universe

7 Preparing the LHC 27 km circumference 100 m underground

8 Building the CMS experiment for the LHC

9 Why accelerators? To investigate Particle Physics Particle physics looks at matter in its smallest dimensions AcceleratorsMicroscopes Optical and radio telescopes Binoculars

10 Methods of Particle Physics 3) Identify created particles in Detector (search for new clues) 1) Concentrate energy on particles (accelerator) 2) Collide particles (recreate conditions after Big Bang)

11 Quarks (Gell-Mann) 1964 Today’s periodic system of the fundamental building blocks The constituents of matter Proton

12 We don't know everything! Why three generations? Supersymmetry? Higgs boson? The LHC will help solving all these unsolved mysteries

13 Higgs signature at the LHC We expect only 1 Higgs in 1,000,000,000,000 events The two proton beams at the LHC will collide head-on 800 million times per second

14 CERN, Internet and the WWW

15 Moore’s law Jan 2000: 3.5K SI95 LHC experiments Other experiments Evolution of CERN computing needs CPU capacity

16 The GRID: a possible solution to CERN computing needs The LHC computing GRID is a project funded by the European Union. The objective is to build the next generation computing infrastructure providing intensive computation and analysis

17 Medical applications of particle physics