Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues P A R T A

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System Components of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of Bones  Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs  Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs  Movement – provide levers for muscles  Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus  Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones - location  Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage  Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Long bones – longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus) Figure 6.2a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Short bones  Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle  Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella) Figure 6.2b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones) Figure 6.2c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones) Figure 6.2d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings Table 6.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of Bones: Bone Textures  Compact bone – dense outer layer  Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone  Haversian system, or osteon – the structural unit of compact bone  Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen  Haversian, or central canal – central channel containing blood vessels and nerves  Osteocytes – mature bone cells  Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes  Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central cana

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Figure 6.6c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Bone: spongy Bone

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diaphysis Shaft Made of compact bone Epiphysis Expanded ends of long bones Covered with dense bone Internal structure is spongy bone

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articular cartilage Covers surface of epiphyses Hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medullary cavity Cavity in shaft Contains yellow marrow in adults Contains red marrow in infants

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Membranes  Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane  Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue  Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts  Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina  Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers  Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.3c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones  Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside  Have no diaphysis or epiphyses  Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)  In infants  Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone  In adults  Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus