Psychosocial Development

BIRTHWalkingSpeakingPotty training First day at school Sharing Riding a bike First b-day party Allowance/ paper route Mid/high school First crushFirst job Driver’s license GraduationUniversity/ college CareermarriageFamily! Discussion!!! – But first… Identify them as physical, emotional, social

Sigmund Freud ( ), the father of psychoanalysis, wrote that an individual's personality development depends on the resolution of conflicts between childhood sexual urges and demands of society - This happens in five distinct stages. Modern psychologist Erik Erikson refined and expanded Freud's theories into eight stages of development He focused on the influence of society and culture on human personality development.

Erik Erikson was born in Germany in In grammar school he was teased for being Jewish. At an early age Erikson did not feel comfortable as a German or as a Jew This feeling was the basis for his notion of an “identity crisis,” which he would define later when he became a psychologist In the 1920s he met Anna Freud, a psychoanalyst and Sigmund Freud's daughter. He studied child psychoanalysis with her in Vienna In 1933 he moved to the United States, where taught at Harvard, Yale, University of California at Berkeley, and other institutions. Erikson died in 1994.

He wrote that each stage of a person's life is characterized by a different psychological crisis that must be resolved before the person can successfully progress to the next stage The success of each stage depends on how well the previous crisis was resolved If a person does not resolve a crisis, it will continue to affect the person's development throughout life Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development is widely accepted by psychologists today

Birth to age 1 Totally dependent on others Caregiver meets needs: child develops trust Caregiver does not meet needs: child develops mistrust Basic strength carried forward: Hope Belief our desires will be satisfied Feeling of confidence

Ages 1-3 Child able to exercise some degree of choice Child’s independence is thwarted: child develops feelings of self-doubt, shame in dealing with others Basic Strength carried forward: Will Determination to exercise freedom of choice in face of society’s demands

Ages 3-5 Child expresses desire to take initiative in activities Parents punish child for initiative: child develops feelings of guilt that will affect self-directed activity throughout life Basic strength carried forward: Purpose Courage to envision and pursue goals

Ages 6-11 Child develops cognitive abilities to enable in task completion (school work, play) Parents/teachers do not support child’s efforts: child develops feelings of inferiority and inadequacy Basic strength going forward: Competence Exertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing and completing tasks

Ages Form ego identity: self-image Strong sense of identity: face adulthood with certainty and confidence Identity crisis: confusion of ego identity Basic strength going forward: Fidelity Emerges from cohesive ego identity Sincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in relationships with others

Ages (approximately) Undertake productive work and establish intimate relationships Inability to establish intimacy leads to social isolation Basic strength going forward: Love Mutual devotion in a shared identity Fusing of oneself with another person

Ages (approximately) Generativity: Active involvement in teaching/guiding the next generation Stagnation involves not seeking outlets for generativity Basic strength going forward: Care Broad concern for others Need to teach others

Ages 55+ Evaluation of entire life Integrity: Look back with satisfaction Despair: Review with anger, frustration Basic strength going forward: Wisdom Detached concern with the whole of life

Age (Years) StagePsychosocial Crisis Psychosocial Strength Environmental Influence 1InfancyTrust vs. MistrustHopeMaternal 2-3Early childhoodAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt WillpowerBoth parents or adult substitutes 4-5PreschoolInitiative vs. GuiltPurposeParents, family and friends 6-11Middle ChildhoodIndustry vs. Inferiority CompetenceSchool 12-18AdolescenceIdentity vs. Role confusion FidelityPeers 18-35Young adulthoodIntimacy vs. Isolation LoveSpouse, lover, friends 35-65Middle ageGenerativity vs. Stagnation CareFamily, society Over 65Old ageIntegrity vs. Despair WisdomAll humans Erikson’s Eight Stages

Erikson’s Fifth Stage Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence Develops a sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires social identity personal identity Erikson stressed the importance of an active search for identity during adolescence.

Diffusion - Status in which an individual has not made a commitment to an identity, nor has even explored an identity. Adolescents may express role diffusion through adopting a negative identity (Defining oneself by what one is not.) Foreclosure - When individuals make a premature commitment to an identity yet fail to explore their identity thoroughly, they are in what psychologists call an Identity Foreclosure Moratorium – Individuals have and maybe even continue to explore answers to the “Who Am I?” question, but don’t yet have an answer to this question Achievement - Those who make an informed commitment to their identity through thorough exploration Negative Identity – A person takes on traits of another person or parent; delays adolescent’s resolution of own identity crisis Identity Statuses

1.Rudy. Rudy has changed his college major so many times that it will take him 7 years to graduate. Since his parents have pointedly objected to paying the expenses for tuition and room and board, Rudy has cheerfully taken on a variety of jobs, ranging from bartender to shoe salesman. He likes work that allows him time to think and be alone; his few friends are very much the same way. Rudy's grades are generally high, though his record is marred by a several "incompletes." He has had one very satisfying intimate relationship and is searching rather anxiously for another. Rudy's identity status would probably be described as ___________. Identity Achievement Foreclosure Identity Diffusion Negative Identity Moratorium Test Cases

Identity Moratorium This an example of identity moratorium. In the United states, the most obvious place to engage in an identity moratorium is the college or the military Persons in an Identity Moratorium have and even continue to explore the question “Who am I?”, but don’t yet have an answer

2. Melissa Mellissa's parent are both physicians. In college she majored in French, spending a semester in France studying art and culture. Upon graduation she surprised her parents by announcing that she had applied to medical school. A close relationship with a hospice nurse and a summer job as a hospital volunteer had helped her arrive at the decision. Melissa's identity status would probably be described as _______________. Identity Achievement Foreclosure Identity Diffusion Negative Identity Moratorium Test Cases

Achievement Melissa has explored many possible identities. Thorugh her own introspection and self-exploration has chosen her goals and career. She explored her ‘artsy’ side in university, and the medical interests while serving in a hospice She also benefitted from having a conversation partner at the hospice (maybe parents too)

3. Lynn Lynn's mother is a professor of women's studies who is deeply involved in feminist issues. Lynn very much admires her mother, a strong woman who, as a single parent, struggled to provide for her daughter while establishing her own career. Lynn believes that she, too, will be a strong and independent woman. She avoids people (especially men) who either don't see her in that light or try to bring out her feminine nature. She certainly steer clear of her paternal grandmother, who (although pleasant) is a very disorganized and "artsy" person. Lynn's college grades are very high, and her course selections reflect a unwavering interest in psychology, politics, and women's studies. Lynn's identity status would probably be describe as ________________. Identity Achievement Foreclosure Identity Diffusion Negative Identity Moratorium Test Cases

Identity Foreclosure Foreclosure comes from some sort of adversity or roadblock. lynn was psychologically hurt in the divorce. Other young people may enter foreclosure because of issues such a pregnancy or death of a parent. Lynn’s commitment was motivated by the strong and admirable figure of her mother, and she believes she has personality traits in common with her mother – but there is not much evidence of personal exploration

4. Daniel Daniel is a freshman at a college near his old high school. He comes home nearly every weekend but does not enjoy himself once he's there. He avoids talking to his parents or old high school friends, preferring to "surf the web" on the computer in his room. Periodically he engages in impulsive shopping; after these sprees he comes home and talks excitedly about the latest electronic gadget he's acquired. he gets angry if his parents ask what he considers to be foolish questions, and angrier still if they patronize him. Daniel is enrolled in courses he has been told are easy, and he does not have strong feelings about his studies or his grades. Daniel's identity status would probably be described as __________________. Test Cases Identity Achievement Foreclosure Identity Diffusion Negative Identity Moratorium

Identity Diffusion Daniel apparently has few goals and does not care much about finding it. It's time for Daniel's parents to use a little "tough love" and send him packing. Diffusion is characterized by NOT making a commitment or even exploring possibilities

5. Casey Casey's grandparents, who raised him from childhood, grew up during the Depression. They are extremely conservative in money matters, politics, and social values. They have always had very high goals for Casey, insisting that he get all A's in school, study several languages, and attend an Ivy League law school. Casey, who considered his grandparents' goals for him to be both unattainable and unappealing, is becoming something of a free spirit. He has started spending freely, squandering his savings on gambling and lavish gifts for his friends. he has also become a leader in a left-wing political group at his school. He no longer plans to become an attorney and may not even finish college. Casey's identity status would probably be describe as ______________. Identity Achievement Foreclosure Identity Diffusion Negative Identity Moratorium Test Cases

Negative Identity Casey in an effort to rebel against his Grandparents has become the opposite of what they wanted him to be Casey defines himself over against his parents’ (perceived) identities

Age (Years) StagePsychosocial Crisis Psychosocial Strength Environmental Influence 1InfancyTrust vs. MistrustHope Maternal 2-3Early childhoodAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Willpower Both parents or adult substitutes 4-5PreschoolInitiative vs. GuiltPurpose Parents, family and friends 6-11Middle ChildhoodIndustry vs. Inferiority Competence School 12-18AdolescenceIdentity vs. Role confusion Fidelity Peers 18-35Young adulthoodIntimacy vs. Isolation Love Spouse, lover, friends 35-65Middle ageGenerativity vs. Stagnation Care Family, society Over 65Old ageIntegrity vs. Despair Wisdom All humans What if a person did not have that influence when they needed it?