Freud’s Topographical Approach Conscious Unconscious Preconscious

Freud’s Structural Approach Id (pleasure principle and primary process thinking) Ego (reality principle and secondary process thinking) Superego

Humanists Subjective Methods Humans Are Basically Good Emphasize Conscious Experience

Self-Esteem Difference Between Self-Concept and Ideal Self Correlates (school achievement, Good Interpersonal Relationships, Vocational Achievement, Mental Health)

Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Modeling

NEO PI-R Neuroticism (anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self- consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability) Extraversion (warmth, gregariousness, activity, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, positive emotions) Openness (fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values) Agreeableness (trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness) Conscientiousness (competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation)

Social-Cognitive Perspective Reciprocal Determinism Internal locus of Control (high ability to cope with stress, high life satisfaction) External Locus of Control (low ability to cope with stress, procrastinators, low life satisfaction, less academic achievement )