Do Now How do you think western migration might impact different groups of people and the environment?

I. Innovation

Barbed Wire – not enough wood for fences, so this made it possible to cheaply fence in land and livestock. Windmill – use wind power to pump water to the surface, made it possible to irrigate all of the dry land. A. Agricultural Technology

B. Transcontinental Railroad Built by two private companies Met at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869 First of many railroads to go west, caused major economic growth You can transport people and goods much easier

Promontory Point, Utah Who or what things in this picture? What is happening in this picture? Why was this picture made /what does this picture mean?

Electricity – new technology allowed it to be transmitted farther distances. ◦Factories didn’t have to be by a river anymore to get it. ◦Homes didn’t have to be in the center of the city to get it. Skyscrapers – cities ran out of land for new people to build on ◦Taller buildings could work now because of the invention of elevators and new steel skeletons to support the weight of the building. C. Business Innovation

◦Thomas Edison’s lightbulb: could work after sunset now in factories. ◦Elevators: could have taller buildings when your business grew. ◦Greater communication: invention of the telephone and typewriter. Impact: helped businesses and factories make more money.

Guided Practice Develop a skit that explains how new innovations have solved your old problems. You need to be sure that: ◦1) It is clear where you live (west or urban). ◦2) What your old problem was. ◦3) How new innovations have solved your problem.

II. Negative Effects of Innovation

A. Environment Ruined Not enough resources for both Native Americans and settlers. Wiped out buffalo population, which Native Americans depended on. The cattle owned by white settlers overgrazed, destroyed land. People started fencing in their land to keep cattle out.

B. Farming Problems STILL Everyone could now produce more, so there were lots of crops available. Why would this be a problem for farmers? Cost of farm equipment and railroad rates rose. Mechanization: created this great, mechanical farm equipment, but couldn’t afford it. Result: farmers fall into debt.

C. Native American Conflict Each time settlers found gold on Native American land, they forced Native Americans out. Sent them to reservations: Native Americans fought to keep their land. Some Native American success, but not much. Defeated U.S. troops at Battle of Little Bighorn – Custer’s Last Stand Otherwise tribes were defeated and almost made extinct.

C. Native American Conflict Wounded Knee – Native Americans were practicing a traditional ritual called “Ghost Dance” American soldiers mistook it for a riot and attacked. Result: about 150 Native Americans (including women and children) were killed.

D. Assimilation Assimilation – change your culture to everyone else’s. Dawes Act: attempted to assimilate Native Americans into U.S. culture Divided up reservations to give land to individual families, would be U.S. citizens in 25 years. Removed some Native American children and sent them to white boarding schools. Outcome: did not work out very well. Why?

Picture Analysis Compare the two photographs of the Apache school children. Explain how these images show one of the impacts of westward expansion on some Native Americans.

Independent Practice If you were a Native American in this time period, how would you respond these two events: Losing land because of western settlers wanting gold Dawes Act Use the AEC to write your argument.

Exit Ticket 1) Which of the following would be the best way to describe the U.S. government’s approach to dealing with Native Americans on the frontier in the years following the Civil War? a. Negotiations, in which the aim was to share land peacefully with the tribes that had lived there for generations. b. Compensation, in which the U.S. government paid tribal leaders whatever amount of money the two sides agreed the land was worth. c. Barter, in which Native Americans surrendered land in exchange for citizenship rights and the guarantee of being given land for families to own and farm. d. Conquest, in which the United States used its military to take land previously occupied by Native Americans and relocate tribes to areas designated by the U.S. government.

Exit Ticket 2) What impact did the rise of the cattle industry have on the environment? a. Because buffalo and cattle were so similar, the cattle industry had no real impact at all. b. Overgrazing became a problem, causing erosion; the Great Plains were fenced in. c. Since the cattle industry used little land, its main impact was to protect the environment. d. The cattle industry halted the advance of the railroads, thus keeping the environment stable.

Exit Ticket 3) Technological innovations changed the US in positive and negative ways. Explain 1 way it made a positive impact and one way it made a negative impact.