Make a list of all the different countries that people who make up American society are from. Hint: think about your own heritage.

now circle the countries that have had immigrants face discrimination during the course of U.S. History

NEW MOVEMENTS in AMERICA

Immigration The population of the U.S. grew rapidly in the early 1800s with the arrival of millions of immigrants. Why were the coming to America?

IMMIGRATION PUSH FACTORS: starvation poverty lack of political freedom PULL FACTORS jobs greater freedom and equality abundant land

IMMIGRATION IRISH EXPERIENCE 1840s, a potatoe blight, a disease that causes rot in potatoes, left families in Ireland with little food. Fled to the U.S. most were poor, settled in Northeastern United States worked unskilled jobs such as building railroads, cannals and in factories.

IMMIGRATION GERMAN EXPERIENCE failed political revolution in Germany, lack of economic opportunities in Germany. fled to U.S. had some money, settled in mid-western states, rural areas (where land was available) became farmers, tailors, bricklayers, food makers.

IMMIGRATION ANTI - IMMIGRATION MOVEMENTS: immigrants filled the need for cheap labor in cities industrial jobs inthe Northeast attracted many people. a great deal of native-born Americans feared losing their jobs to immigrants who might work for lower wages. Many Americans also felt threated by the new immigrants’ cultures and religions. (ex: Irish = Roman Catholic, Americans = protestant) Americans who opposed immigration were called NATIVISTS.

IMMIGRATION SIGNIFICANCE : immigration + industrialization led to growth in American cities. increased conflict and tension between ethnic groups

Reforming Society Reform movements in the early 1800s affected religion, education and society Changes happening in American society

Second Great Awakening Christian renewal movement Charles Gradison Finney - Leader Beliefs: each individual was responsible for his or her own salvation. Sin was avoidable. Prove faith by doing good deeds. REVIVALS SIGNIFICANCE: Second Great Awakening sparked interest in religion, church membership increased. inspired creation of Utopian Communites such as New Harmony and Oneida

UTopian Communities inspired by ideals of the Second Great Awakening created communities to reorganize society on a cooperative basis, striving for the perfect society

UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES Oneida, New York: did away with private property and abandoned traditional marriage. became and international corporation New Harmony, Indiana: Robert Owen, founded colony based on father’s social theories.

UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES SIGNIFICANCE: community of equals could be created in the New World.

Temperance Movement believed alcohol caused social problems: family violence, poverty, and criminal behavior urged people to use self-discipline to stop drinking or drink in small amounts

Prison Reform Dorothea Dix: middle class reformer who visited prisons. Unhappy about what she saw, she protested state legislatures. mentally ill people in jail and mistreated response: Massachusetts government built facilities for the mentally ill. other reformers tried to end the overcrowding and cruel conditions in prisons. Result: house of correction were built SIGNIFICANCE: conditions in mental health hospitals and prisons improved in America

Education public education in early 1800s was very poor. many children worked in factories or farms to help support their families few trained teachers, small school houses, all grades social background and wealth affected the quality of education. Girls vs. Boys

EDucation Reformers thought education made children responsible citizens. Common-School Movement: all children should be taught in a common place, regardless of background. Horace Mann: Leader, convinced state (MA) to double school budget, increase teacher pay, lengthen school year, and train teachers. Women: education reform meant more opportunities Special Needs: better education and specialization for people with special needs. Example: Perkins school for the Blind. SIGNIFICANCE: education improved in America

Abolition in the mid-1800s, debate over slavery increased and abolitionist organized to challenge slavery in the U.S. different ideas about African Americans William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator an abolitionist newspaper and helped form the American Anti-slavery Society which wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans “where there is a human being, I see God-given rights...” William Lloyd Garrison.

ABOLITION Many former slaves were active in the anti-slavery cause. Fredrick Douglas: escaped from slavery and secretly learned to read and write. Gave anti-slavery lectures for the Anti-Slavery Society. Published newspaper, The North Star and several autobiographies, meant to show the injustices of slavery.

ABOLITION Sojourner Truth: former slave claimed God called her to travel though the U.S. and preach the truth about slavery and women’s rights. known for fiery speeches Underground Railroad: network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for escaped slaves. Harriet Tubman: courageous conductor of the Underground Railroad. Returned to the South 19 times and lead her family and 300 slaves to freedom.

ABOLition Opposition in the North and South feared slaves would take white’s jobs free slaves would ruin Southern economy disapproved of equality for African Americans. Congress wanted to avoid debating the issue of slavery. aslkjf SIGNIFICANCE: issue of slavery becoming increasingly controversial driving a wedge between the North and South.

reference United States History: Beginnings to 1877 by William Deverell and Deborah Gray White