Landmarks are often the most recognisable or well-known feature of a place or landscape. In her "London Classic' collection Niki Gorick uses photography to show something different about familiar landmarks. Richard Long, Robert Smithson and Alan Sonfist create landmarks in the environment using a variety of materials which they record photographically. Landmarks Niki Gorick

Landmarks Richard Long Robert Smithson

Landmarks Alan Sonfist

Photographers use many ways to explore the outlines of their subject. Man Ray used the technique of solarisation. Horst P Horst explored the use of silhouette in some of his portraits. Bill Beckley and Joan Fontcuberta have emphasised outline by setting natural forms against a strongly contrasting and coloured background. Commercial photography of still life groups often emphasises outline using careful arrangement of lighting. Holly Roberts adds outline to her images with collage and paint. Outline Man Ray Horst P Horst

Outline Bill Beckley Joan Fontcuberta

Outline Holly Roberts Irving Penn Hannah Whitaker Susannah Vento

Reflections Reflections in surfaces such as water, mirror glass, windows and metallic objects are sometimes recorded by photographers and filmmakers to create distorted images or to frame a view. Lee Friedlander has photographed images reflected in the wing mirrors of cars and shop windows. Naoya Hatakeyama used reflections on water to explore views of Tokyo in his 'River Series'. Images containing reflections have also been used as the basis for GIF animations and film loops. Lee Friedlander

Reflections Naoya Hatakeyama

Reflections Amiko Kavtaradze Andrea Stone

Grebo Gray

Documentary photography often records a diary of events over time. Bill Brandt, in his series 'The English at Home', produced a photographic diary of daily life. In the 1930s Rosener and Bubley worked for the FSA to document working conditions of people. J Owenns, in 'The Photographic Diary', takes a series of photographs each day over the course of one year. Using social media many people share digital diaries of their lives. Either (a) Same old, same old... or (b) A time to be remembered Diary Ester Bubley Bill Brandt

Ian Breakwell ‘The Walking Man Diary’, 1975–8 Diary Lisa KokinCatherine Balet David Stewart Judith Golden

Photographers will often produce images based on their observations of repeated shapes in nature or the built environment. Careful consideration of viewpoint and composition can produce strong abstract patterns. Objects and images can be arranged to form a repeat pattern. M Galimberti often uses a grid structure to arrange images of the same subject. P de Lory has produced more than one series of photos using repeated shapes found in the landscape. É-J Marey used repetition to record movement. Repetition M Galimberti

Peter de Lory Repetition

É-J Marey Repetition

Repetition- Lisa Milroy

Edward Steichen Repetition Santiago Sierra Peter Keetman Cole Thompson

Irving Penn's fashion photography often uses strong contrasting backgrounds and careful lighting to emphasise the colour and pattern of clothing. In order to display clothing dramatically the fashion photography of Yanzhou Bao sometimes uses a black background and vivid lighting together with both long and multiple exposures. L Raymond used light and the transparency of material to photograph clothes hanging lines and coat hangers. Phyllis Galembo photographs people dressed for celebrations. Clothing Irving Penn

Clothing Yanzhou Bao

Clothing Lilo Raymond Phyllis Galembo Ayami Nishimura Mario Sorrenti

You should make connections with appropriate selected sources when developing your personal response to one of the following suggestions. (a) Develop your own interpretation of the theme groups (b) You could photograph groups of objects chosen for their similar visual qualities. (c) You might produce work based on groups of people. Groups Mark Able. Matthias Heiderich Myoung Ho Lee. Susan Hall Thompson

Groups Hannah Hoch

Ann Hamilton Groups August Sander David Stewart