The Power of Reproduction Review CHAPTER 1

Cell Theory Over time scientists came have been able to use technological developments to assist in the creation of what we call today Cell Theory. Over time scientists came have been able to use technological developments to assist in the creation of what we call today Cell Theory.

Cell Theory States That: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms. 3. All cells come from previously existing cells. 4. The activity of an entire organism depends on the total activity of its independent cells. A typical cell has numerous membrane-bound ORGANELLES, specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell.

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

YOU NEED TO KNOW THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS: Nucleus Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Nuclear Membrane DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid Chromatin Chromatin Nucleolus Nucleolus Ribosome Ribosome  Cell Membrane  Cytoplasm  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Mitochondria  Golgi Bodies  Vacuoles  Lysosomes

Animal and Plant Cells Plant cells have a fibrous cell wall that provides structure and support for the cell. Plants need this cell wall to provide with support. Example and sunflower. Plant cells have a fibrous cell wall that provides structure and support for the cell. Plants need this cell wall to provide with support. Example and sunflower. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. They are organelles that enable the plant to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. They are organelles that enable the plant to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Animal and plant cells have many similarities. They do however have a few differences.

The Importance of Cell Division 1. Repair tissue & healing 2. Growth 3. Reproduction of Organism

MITOSIS Before mitosis can begin, the nucleus must make a copy, or replica of its chromatin, so that there are two complete sets of DNA. This is known as replication. The replicated chromatin coils up to form double-stranded chromosomes. The end result of mitosis is the separation of replicated DNA into two complete sets of DNA, one for each new cell’s nucleus. Before mitosis can begin, the nucleus must make a copy, or replica of its chromatin, so that there are two complete sets of DNA. This is known as replication. The replicated chromatin coils up to form double-stranded chromosomes. The end result of mitosis is the separation of replicated DNA into two complete sets of DNA, one for each new cell’s nucleus. The Process that ensures each new cell has a nucleus with a complete set on instructions (DNA) is called MITOSIS.

Prophase The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disappear. Spindle fibers form and stretch across the cell from centrioles that have moved to opposite ends of the cell. The spindle fibers attach to one side of each centromere. The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disappear. Spindle fibers form and stretch across the cell from centrioles that have moved to opposite ends of the cell. The spindle fibers attach to one side of each centromere.

Metaphase The tugging action of the spindle fibers pulls the double-stranded chromosomes into a line across the middle of the cell The tugging action of the spindle fibers pulls the double-stranded chromosomes into a line across the middle of the cell

Anaphase The spindle fibers begin to contract and shorten which pulls the centromere apart. One of each of the replicated strands to moves to opposite ends (pole) of the cell. The spindle fibers begin to contract and shorten which pulls the centromere apart. One of each of the replicated strands to moves to opposite ends (pole) of the cell.

Telophase The spindle fibers begin to disappear. And a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. A nucleolus appears within each new nucleus. The single stranded chromosomes start to uncoil into thin strands of chromatin. The spindle fibers begin to disappear. And a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. A nucleolus appears within each new nucleus. The single stranded chromosomes start to uncoil into thin strands of chromatin.

NOW THERE ARE TWO NUCLEI IN ONE CELL In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in near the middle of the cell, dividing the cytoplasm into two new cells. In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in near the middle of the cell, dividing the cytoplasm into two new cells. In plant cells, a cell plate develops across the center of the cell, forming a new cell wall between the two new cells In plant cells, a cell plate develops across the center of the cell, forming a new cell wall between the two new cells

Interphase During Interphase the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and becomes prepared for the first phase of mitosis During Interphase the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and becomes prepared for the first phase of mitosis AS A RESULT OF MITOSIS, THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IN THE NUCLEUS OF EACH CELL IS IDENTICAL TO EACH OTHER AND TO THE NUMBER IN THE ORIGINAL CELL

CANCER -is the direct result of cells dividing uncontrollably -is the direct result of cells dividing uncontrollably -the continue dividing and pile up on top of one another, forming a tumor or lump -the continue dividing and pile up on top of one another, forming a tumor or lump -these excess cells can stay contained in one area or, move to other parts of the organism -these excess cells can stay contained in one area or, move to other parts of the organism -the gobble up oxygen and nutrients for themselves, crowding out other cells and robbing them of their food -the gobble up oxygen and nutrients for themselves, crowding out other cells and robbing them of their food

Asexual Reproduction Mitosis and cell division are not only important to human growth and tissue repair, but are also important in asexual reproduction. Mitosis and cell division are not only important to human growth and tissue repair, but are also important in asexual reproduction. Asexual Reproduction is the formation of a new individual that has identical genetic information to its parent Asexual Reproduction is the formation of a new individual that has identical genetic information to its parent

BACTERIA Are unicellular organisms that do not contain a true nucleus Are unicellular organisms that do not contain a true nucleus Reproduce asexually through a process known as binary fission Reproduce asexually through a process known as binary fission In binary fission a parent cell divides so that each new cell contains a single chromosome carrying a complete set of DNA identical to that of the parent In binary fission a parent cell divides so that each new cell contains a single chromosome carrying a complete set of DNA identical to that of the parent

PROTISTS Are unicellular organisms that do contain a true nucleus Are unicellular organisms that do contain a true nucleus Mitotic cell division results in the formation of two identical offspring Mitotic cell division results in the formation of two identical offspring Protists are important because they form the basis of many food chains and are responsible for many diseases that affect humans. Protists are important because they form the basis of many food chains and are responsible for many diseases that affect humans.

FUNGI Fungi are composed of many filaments called hyphae which grow over the surface of and into the bodies of other organisms to obtain food Fungi are composed of many filaments called hyphae which grow over the surface of and into the bodies of other organisms to obtain food Can reproduce asexually three ways, fragmentation, budding and spores. Can reproduce asexually three ways, fragmentation, budding and spores. In fragmentation, a small piece or fragment, breaks away from the main mass and grows into a new individual. In fragmentation, a small piece or fragment, breaks away from the main mass and grows into a new individual. In budding a copy of the nucleus is made, then a tiny bud begins to form on the cell wall. This bud, containing the new nucleus continues to grow and eventually breaks away. In budding a copy of the nucleus is made, then a tiny bud begins to form on the cell wall. This bud, containing the new nucleus continues to grow and eventually breaks away. A spore is a reproductive cell that can grow into a new individual through mitotic cell division. When mature, spores can float about on air currents. A spore is a reproductive cell that can grow into a new individual through mitotic cell division. When mature, spores can float about on air currents.

ANIMALS Animals can be divided into two main groups, vertebrates (those with backbones) and invertebrates (those without backbones) Animals can be divided into two main groups, vertebrates (those with backbones) and invertebrates (those without backbones) Many invertebrates can reproduce asexually to form one or more identical offspring from a single parent Many invertebrates can reproduce asexually to form one or more identical offspring from a single parent

PLANTS Unlike many animals, plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Unlike many animals, plants continue to grow throughout their lives. The tips of their roots and stems contain growing areas called meristem. The tips of their roots and stems contain growing areas called meristem. Meristem is made up of unspecialized cells that undergo mitosis and cell division repeatedly, producing new cells. Meristem is made up of unspecialized cells that undergo mitosis and cell division repeatedly, producing new cells.

The Power of Reproduction Review CHAPTER 2

Sexual Reproduction Your body has specialized organs (GONADS – testes and ovaries), that make specialized cells (GAMETES – sperm and eggs), for sexual reproduction. The gametes from two parents combine during a process called fertilization to form a new cell or ZYGOTE. This zygote is the first body cell of a new organism. Your body has specialized organs (GONADS – testes and ovaries), that make specialized cells (GAMETES – sperm and eggs), for sexual reproduction. The gametes from two parents combine during a process called fertilization to form a new cell or ZYGOTE. This zygote is the first body cell of a new organism.

Sexual Reproduction Cont… The total number of chromosomes in a human body cell is 46 – this is referred to as diploid. These 46 chromosomes can be arranged into 23 pairs of chromosomes that resemble each other in size and shape. These matching pairs of chromosomes are known as homologous pairs. You receive one pair from your mother and on from your father. The total number of chromosomes in a human body cell is 46 – this is referred to as diploid. These 46 chromosomes can be arranged into 23 pairs of chromosomes that resemble each other in size and shape. These matching pairs of chromosomes are known as homologous pairs. You receive one pair from your mother and on from your father.

Sexual Reproduction Cont… Human gametes (sperm and eggs) have 23 chromosomes and are called haploid. Only haploid gametes can combine during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. Mitosis ensures that the chromosome number does not change, while the process that ensures each gamete contains only one-half set of chromosomes is called MEIOSIS. Meiosis ensures that each gamete has a different combination of the chromosomes that were present before meiosis. Human gametes (sperm and eggs) have 23 chromosomes and are called haploid. Only haploid gametes can combine during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. Mitosis ensures that the chromosome number does not change, while the process that ensures each gamete contains only one-half set of chromosomes is called MEIOSIS. Meiosis ensures that each gamete has a different combination of the chromosomes that were present before meiosis.

Despite the differences among animals, the fundamental sequence that allows them to reproduce sexually is the same: Meiosis produces gametes Meiosis produces gametes A male gamete combine with a female gamete A male gamete combine with a female gamete A zygote is produced and develops into an embryo A zygote is produced and develops into an embryo The embryo develops through mitosis and cell division into mature offspring The embryo develops through mitosis and cell division into mature offspring

For sexual reproduction to be successful, the following two requirements must be met: Both male and female gametes must arrive at the same place and time for fertilization Both male and female gametes must arrive at the same place and time for fertilization The zygote must receive adequate food, moisture, warmth, and protection to develop The zygote must receive adequate food, moisture, warmth, and protection to develop

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION The sperm and the egg meet outside the bodies of both parents The sperm and the egg meet outside the bodies of both parents Most water-dwelling animals reproduce through external fertilization Most water-dwelling animals reproduce through external fertilization

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION The sperm and the egg meet inside the body of the female. The sperm travel from the male’s body into the female’s body to meet the egg. The sperm and the egg meet inside the body of the female. The sperm travel from the male’s body into the female’s body to meet the egg. Most animals on land reproduce through internal fertilization Most animals on land reproduce through internal fertilization

HEMAPHRODITES Individuals that have both female and male reproductive organs Individuals that have both female and male reproductive organs

Additional Information You need to know all of the information from your cancer brochure You need to know all of the information from your cancer brochure For Homework tomorrow, or Tuesday, write a test (with answers). Test should include questions For Homework tomorrow, or Tuesday, write a test (with answers). Test should include questions Questions should be a combination of MC, matching, fill-in-the-blank, diagrams, and short answer Questions should be a combination of MC, matching, fill-in-the-blank, diagrams, and short answer