Political Developments in the Early Republic (The Development of Political Parties) How did the Federalist and Republican visions for the U.S differ?

Political Parties: What do they do? Promote a political agenda to influence government policy and action Select candidates for election Educate voters Finance election campaigns Fill government positions Ill government positions

Setting up the Executive Branch President’s cabinet: President’s cabinet: Three Departments: A Department of State, a Department of War, a Treasury Department Three Departments: A Department of State, a Department of War, a Treasury Department – Henry Knox: (Ticonderoga) Secretary of War.(Defend the Country) – Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury (deals with the finances) – Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State (deals with relations with other countries) – Jefferson and Hamilton were complete opposites **Attorney General: President’s legal advisor **Attorney General: President’s legal advisor **Postmaster General: Head of the postal system **Postmaster General: Head of the postal system

Money Money = Problems Money = Problems How do we deal with an empty national treasury? How do we deal with an empty national treasury? 1791—Excise tax on whiskey and other “luxury” goods. 1791—Excise tax on whiskey and other “luxury” goods.

The Whiskey Rebellion Many farmers protested Many farmers protested The trip over the Appalachians made it expensive The trip over the Appalachians made it expensive Bulky wheat was reduced into whiskey and shipped more cheaply Bulky wheat was reduced into whiskey and shipped more cheaply The excise tax was lowered in 1793 The excise tax was lowered in 1793 This was not good enough for the “Whiskey Boys” of western Pennsylvania This was not good enough for the “Whiskey Boys” of western Pennsylvania Washington led 13,000 state militia troops across the mountains to stop the rebels Washington led 13,000 state militia troops across the mountains to stop the rebels Hamilton and Jefferson were completely divided on the issue…. Hamilton and Jefferson were completely divided on the issue….

Meanwhile……. The French Revolution 1789: French rebelled against their King 1789: French rebelled against their King “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”… Jefferson and the Republicans (Democratic-Republicans) saw this as “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”… Jefferson and the Republicans (Democratic-Republicans) saw this as a great fight for democracy. After becoming a republic, France’s revolutionary government began killing many wealthy nobles. After becoming a republic, France’s revolutionary government began killing many wealthy nobles. This scared Hamilton and the Federalists. This scared Hamilton and the Federalists.

Washington’s Farewell Address Washington was disturbed at the division between the Republicans and the Federalists Washington was disturbed at the division between the Republicans and the Federalists He served a second term He served a second term He informed Americans of their similarities and what they’ve He informed Americans of their similarities and what they’ve fought for He also discussed the danger that comes with the passion of political parties. He also discussed the danger that comes with the passion of political parties.

Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party Alexander Hamilton made his way based on charm, ability, and ambition He had no money or family connections He married Elizabeth Schuyler, from one of New York’s riches families He later represented New York in Congress after the Revolutionary War. He felt that human nature put personal interests against the needs of the country A system of government giving too much power to the “mob” is unstable The economy would be expanded through trade, manufacturing and businesses.

Federalists view on government The country should be ruled by the “best people” (public spirited, educated, wealthy) The country should be ruled by the “best people” (public spirited, educated, wealthy) The rights of the states were not nearly as important as unity or national power The rights of the states were not nearly as important as unity or national power Hamilton’s country was the United States Hamilton’s country was the United States

Ideal Economy: Federalists In 1790, the national economy was mostly based on agriculture In 1790, the national economy was mostly based on agriculture Hamilton wanted the federal government to promote trade, business, and manufacturing Hamilton wanted the federal government to promote trade, business, and manufacturing Alexander Hamilton devised a plan to pay off war debts—many Southern states opposed it at first Alexander Hamilton devised a plan to pay off war debts—many Southern states opposed it at first He linked the payoff of debt to the location of the nation’s permanent capital. He linked the payoff of debt to the location of the nation’s permanent capital. Nation’s new capital: District of Columbia Nation’s new capital: District of Columbia

Ideal Economy: Federalists (Continued) Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank: would allow for collecting taxes and printing paper money Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank: would allow for collecting taxes and printing paper money He finally established the Bank of the United States (because of the elastic clause) He finally established the Bank of the United States (because of the elastic clause)

Relations with Britain and France: Federalists In war of Britain v. France in 1793, most Federalists sided with Britain In war of Britain v. France in 1793, most Federalists sided with Britain Hamilton sided with Britain because of their power and ability to defend itself Hamilton sided with Britain because of their power and ability to defend itself

Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party At age 16, Jefferson went to college and was very knowledgeable Jefferson inherited land from his father and was a successful tobacco planter As a politician, he was an eloquent writer He had confidence in the ability of human nature to make sound decisions (opposite of Hamilton)

Republicans view of the best form of government They believed in the people ruling, and disagreed with the Federalists’ view that the “best” should rule They believed in the people ruling, and disagreed with the Federalists’ view that the “best” should rule They believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution (not broad) They believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution (not broad) They believed in strong state governments, not weak ones They believed in strong state governments, not weak ones

Ideal Economy: Republicans He sided with the average “farm folk” when thinking about the nation’s future He sided with the average “farm folk” when thinking about the nation’s future Jefferson also wanted an economy based on agriculture, not business or manufacturing Jefferson also wanted an economy based on agriculture, not business or manufacturing

Relations with Britain and France: Republicans Republicans believed that though the French revolution became very violent, they still sided with the French Republicans believed that though the French revolution became very violent, they still sided with the French The Republicans were scorned by the Federalists as being “frog-eating, man-eating, blood-drinking cannibals” for their loyalty to France The Republicans were scorned by the Federalists as being “frog-eating, man-eating, blood-drinking cannibals” for their loyalty to France

The Presidency of John Adams John Adams (Federalist) won the 1796 election versus Thomas Jefferson (Republican) by just three electoral college votes John Adams (Federalist) won the 1796 election versus Thomas Jefferson (Republican) by just three electoral college votes John Adams became President and Thomas Jefferson became Vice President John Adams became President and Thomas Jefferson became Vice President

The Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists passed four controversial laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts Sedition- the crime of encouraging rebellion against the government Three laws were aimed at aliens (noncitizens) 1). The time for an immigrant to become a citizen with the right to vote lengthened from 5 to 14 years 2) and 3): Allowed the president to deport/jail aliens suspected of starting trouble 4). Sedition (encouraging rebellion against the government) was made a crime