Time to put your thinking cap on!  Please read the entire board.  Please get out your outline for pgs and your objectives #19-23 for a stamp.  Use this time to add new learnings in a different colored pen to your objectives  Thanks!

Coal Formation –

Mountain top removalMountain top removal map  500+ mountains leveled in W Va  1.2 million acres of hardwood forest destroyed  Overburden (rocks, soil) is dumped into river valleys, increasing turbidity and exposure to heavy metals and radioactive materials.

Surface mine/strip mine (Coal mine in Canada)

Kimberly Big Hole, South Africa  a diamond mine over 1,097 meters deep. The mine was closed in 1914 but was later reopened as a tourist attraction.

Mirny Diamon Mine Serbia  The mine itself is over 525 meters deep and more than 125 kilometers in diameter. The hole is so wide and so deep it is believed to cause a suction effect, which has caused several aircraft accidents in the area. The Mirny Diamond Mine is now considered a no fly zone!

Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah  this is supposedly the largest man-made excavation on earth. extraction began in 1863 and still continues today, the pit increasing in size constantly. in its current state the hole is 3/4 mile deep and 2.5 miles wide.

Subsurface mining

Risks – black lung disease, collapse, explosions from leaking CH 4

From coal to electricity  Major air pollutants:  CO 2, SO x, NO x, particulates, Hg  Using natural gas?  NO x, CO 2, trace of SO x

Natural gas vs. coal  New pollution prevention – Activated carbon injection  2007 – coal provided 50% of US electricity.  2011 – coal provided 34% of US electricity.  WHY?

Coal– dig it!