Emergence of Industrial Society in the West Mrs. Cook APWH

Age of Revolution 3 forces of change in mid-18 th century 1. Cultural - challenged for religious freedom - widespread belief in voice in government - government based on general will 2. Commercialization - economy - business people challenge aristocracy - growing interest in new techniques 3. Population revolution - improved nutrition - reduced death rate = improved birth rate - increased the amount of people in the working class - expansion of domestic manufacturing - Capitalism develops - Youthful independence….new defiance of authority….

American Revolution 1775 – War for Independence in British colonies 1. resented restrictions on movement 2. no taxation without representation 3. resented British control, but no voice in British government 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1789 – Constitution drafted for U.S. 1. checks and balances 2. separation of powers 3. three branches of government

French Revolution France – 1789 Factors – classical pattern 1. ideological insistence on change - limit power of Catholic church, aristocracy, and monarchy 2. social change - reinforced ideological challenges - middle class voice and peasant desire of freedom 3. Governments that proved increasingly ineffective 4. Economic slumps

French Revolution Louis XVI - called parliament to discuss tax reform - middle class forced turn into modern parliament - middle class majority in parliament Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - freedom of thought, natural rights

French Revolution Symbols of the French Revolution 1. Bastille – July 14, 1789, riot 2. Guillotine – device to behead people *symbol of the Reign of Terror 3. Robespierre – Revolutionary leader, headed prosecution of King (1792), sponsored the Terror, centralized the government 4. National anthem….1 st one

French Revolution What happened? - Peasants seized land from rich and church - Abolished manorialism - Equality under law - New constitution – free religion, press, property - Parliament to limit the king - ½ male population given the right to vote

French Revolution Revolutionary Reforms 1. Metric system of weights and measures 2. Slavery abolished in colonies 3. Universal military conscription 4. Nationalism instilled throughout French Revolution followed by four years of moderate policies

Napoleon Bonaparte General converted republic into authoritarian empire - Reduce power of parliament - Limited police system - Religious freedom ensured - Developed centralized system of schools

Napoleon Bonaparte Main focus: - expansion abroad : French empire directly held or controlled most of western Europe Contributed to the spread of revolutionary ideas - idea of equality under the law - idea of attacking privileged institutions Encouraged popular nationalism

Conservative settlement & Revolutionary legacy Congress of Vienna - Allies against French - Did not want to destroy France, but restore balance of power - Stronger powers surround France - Realignments of countries = national unifications

Conservative settlement & Revolutionary legacy Conservatives - Opposed to revolutionary goals *Mostly upper class* Liberals - Focused on issues around politics - Wanted to limit government interference - Equal representation in government (property owners…men) - Constitutional rule was important - Protection of freedoms: religion, press, assembly - Economic reforms – better education *Mostly middle class*

Conservative settlement & Revolutionary legacy Radicals - Supported most liberal demands - Also wanted wider voting rights - Some wanted outright democracy - Social reforms for the lower classes Reform Bill of Britain - Gave right to vote to most middle class men

Revolutions of 1848 Industrialization added to revolutionary movements - Working class anger over rights - Unrest among factory workers, artisans, skilled labor - Women’s rights Revolutions began in Paris….again! - Monarchy was gone – for good this time - Spread to Germany, Austria and Hungary - Furthered nationalist demands Revolutions of 1848 – overall failure - End to the era of revolutions - Revolutions too risky - More gradual methods of change….better

Industrial Life Countries were becoming more urban than ever before - Sanitation improved - Death rates fell, birth rates rise - Standard of living increase - Diet improved - Health improved Louis Pasteur - discovered germs - led to development of antiseptic and anesthesia - Less women died in childbirth….women outlive men Corporations doubled - Labor movements began to arise - Strike movements began to form - Trade union movement….showed power of workers - Learned to bargain for better pay and shorter hours

Political Trends/Rise of New Nations Benjamin Disraeli - British - Granted right to vote to working class men (1867) Count Camillo di Cavour - Italian - Supported industrial development early - Formed alliance with France to attack Austria (1858) - Started a nationalist movement….united Italy under one ruler Otto von Bismarck - Prussian - Prime Minister - Tried to give right to vote to ALL men - Freedom to Jews and press - Promoted mass education - Series of wars 1860’s *Expanded power over Germany *1866 emerged as Supreme German Power * Final war with France led to complete German unity – 1871

Social Questions Social issues - Socialism *Due to Karl Marx * Communist Manifesto - capitalism EVIL - class struggle against class in power = eventual - Proletariat would grow until revolution was inevitable - - Bourgeois would be eliminated and full freedom attained and all classes eliminated * Revisionism - Response to Marxism/Socialism - believed success could be achieved through peaceful democratic means

Social Questions Feminism movement gains ground - sought legal and economic gains for women - Campaigned for suffrage

Cultural Transformations Emphasis on leisure and consumption - better wages and reduced hours - more free time - advertising led to product crazes…. (think chia pet, the clapper, snuggie!) Bicycle emerged 1880’s - changed social habits…different clothes, “losing” chaperones during courtship Mass leisure culture - Shock and entertainment were wanted - Comedy routines - Musical reviews - Rise of team sports: soccer, football, and baseball (seen as useful preparation for work or military life…rules, coordination, discipline) *Olympic games reintroduced in 1896*

Cultural Transformations Scientific Knowledge - Improvements in germ theory - chemical fertilizers for agriculture Charles Darwin - Theory of evolution - Challenged church more directly Albert Einstein - Theory of relativity Sigmund Freud - Developing theories of the workings of the human subconscious

Emerging U.S. Monroe Doctrine (1823) - warned Europe against meddling in U.S. affairs Louisiana Purchase - Expansion of territories Focused on: * political system * internal commercial growth * industrialization * westward expansion Civil War – accelerated US industrialization (competing with European nations now)

Canada, Australia, New Zealand Canada - won by Britain in wars with France - granted increasing self-rule * to avoid what happened in the U.S. - set up own parliament and laws, but remained attached to G.B.

Canada, Australia, New Zealand Australia - Penal colony (1788 – 1853) - Aborigines: native peoples - Sheep raising agriculture - Gold discovery furthered colonization (1851) - Granted self-government * parliamentary system * federal nation proclaimed 1/1/1900

Canada, Australia, New Zealand New Zealand - Dutch visit 1600’s, English explored Begin to colonize 1814 Maoris – native people - well organized politically - many converted to Christianity - after several skirmished…good relations established with colonists - won representation in parliament British took official control 1840 (afraid of French takeover) - establish parliamentary system - self-government rule that was a dominion of British Empire

Tensions and WWI Imperialism fed rivalries between nations in Europe Peacetime military conscriptions to build up armies and have reserves Artillery and naval forces grew largely Balkan nationalism - recently won independence from Ottoman Empire - Slavic populations wanted own government, own countries, independence

Alliances – Pre WWI Triple Alliance: - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (initially) Triple Entente: (formal promise to cooperate) - France, Russia, Great Britain

War Breaks Out What happened? - Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) assassinated by Serbian rebel Impact: - Austria-Hungary wanted to punish Serbia - Declared war July 28, Russia (Serbia’s protector) came to defense of Serbia - Germany then declared war on Russia and France