Europe in Crisis 3.06 Compare the influence of religion, social structure, and colonial export economies on North and South American societies Evaluate the effects of colonialism on Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe Analyze the causes and assess the influence of seventeenth to nineteenth century political revolutions in England, North America, and France on individuals, governing bodies, church-state relations, and diplomacy.

Spain’s Conflicts In the sixteenth century, religious wars broke out in Europe as Calvinists and Catholics became more militant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to consolidate the lands of his empire– Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in the Americas and Italy–under Catholicism. Philip II attempted to strengthen his control in the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism, but was resisted by a rebellion led by William the Silent.

Spain’s Conflicts In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came to power in England. The Church of England began to follow a moderate form of Protestantism and England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe. Philip II tried to invade England to restore Catholicism to the island nation. In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the faster English ships. Upon its return to Spain, the fleet was battered by storms en route around Scotland and Ireland.

Spain’s Conflicts In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the faster English ships. Upon its return to Spain, the fleet was battered by storms en route around Scotland and Ireland. By the end of Philip’s reign in 1598, Spain was not the great power that it appeared to be, and England began to create a world empire.

The French Wars of Religion During the 1500s, France encountered a series of civil wars, known as the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. About half the nobility were Huguenots, a political threat to the Crown. The ultra-Catholics opposed the Huguenots and recruited large armies to fight them.

The French Wars of Religion In 1589 a Huguenot political leader named Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne as Henry IV, bringing the French Wars of Religion to an end. Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued the Edict of Nantes, recognizing Catholicism as the state religion and giving Huguenots religious and political rights.

Crises in Europe During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europe witnessed severe economic and social problems. Economic problems were caused by the loss of Jewish and Muslim artisans and merchants, economic problems in Italy, and currency policies in Spain. One major economic problem was inflation, or rising prices.

Crises in Europe Europe’s population growth during the sixteenth century increased the demand for food and land, while driving up prices. Europe’s population had leveled off by War, famine, and plague led to declining population numbers.

Crises in Europe Religious zeal and hunts for heretics were extended to witchcraft. Fear of witchcraft led to the accusations and trials of over 100,000 people, mostly single or widowed women.

Salem Witch Trials D= D=227145

The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War was fought primarily in the Holy Roman Empire. It began between Catholics, led by the Hapsburg dynasty, and Protestant forces in Bohemia. All of the major powers in Europe (except England) were involved in the war.

The Thirty Years’ War In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the war and divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent states that could determine their own religion and foreign policy. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity.

Revolutions in England James I, the king of Scotland, came to power with the death of Queen Elizabeth. The Stuart line of rulers began in James I believed in the divine right of kings. This contradicted the beliefs of most Englishmen, who accepted that the king and Parliament ruled England together.

Revolutions in England When Charles I came to the throne, many Puritans were upset that he attempted to put more rituals into the Church of England. This led thousands of Puritans to leave for America. In 1642 England was faced with a civil war between the king’s soldiers, known as Cavaliers, and the Roundheads under Oliver Cromwell.

Revolutions in England Cromwell’s forces were victorious, and Charles II was executed. In 1649 England was declared a commonwealth. After Cromwell’s death in 1658, England restored the Stuart line of rulers with Charles II. Charles II ruled until his death in 1685, when James II ascended the throne.

Revolutions in England James II was a devout Catholic. Parliament objected to his policies of appointing Catholics because its members were afraid a Catholic dynasty might be possible. In 1688 English nobles invited William and Mary of Orange, who were Protestants, to invade England. William and Mary were offered the throne and accepted the English Bill of Rights.

Revolutions in England Bill of Rights: – Parliament could make laws and levy taxes. – Armies could not be raised without the consent of Parliament. – Citizens could keep arms and have a jury trial.

Revolutions in England The Bill of Rights ensured that Parliament would be part of the English government and laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. Parliament also enacted the Tolerance Act of 1689, which granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship.

Vocabulary 1 Armada: a fleet of warships

Vocabulary 2 Inflation: a rapid increase in prices

Vocabulary 3 Divine right of kings: the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Vocabulary 4 Commonwealth: a republic