 Imperialism = one country’s domination of political, economic, and social life of another country

 Political  rival European countries (nationalism)  Economic  demand for raw materials and markets for goods (competition, Industrial Revolution)

 Ideological  European religious zeal, feelings of racial/cultural superiority = Europeans wanted to impose their cultures on others  (Social Darwinism): idea that some races were more “evolved” than others  “The White Man’s Burden” – duty of Europeans to civilize “backward” people, spread Christianity and Western ideals/values

 Religious  desire to spread Christianity,  Exploratory  scientific/medical research, have adventure, investigate unknown land/culture Victoria Falls & Dr. Livingston

 Colony – directly ruled by an imperial power thru colonial officials  Protectorate – has its own govt, but “guided” by a foreign power  Sphere of Influence – region where an imperial power has exclusive investment/trading rights

 Africans spoke over 1000 different languages!  Powerful African armies had kept Europeans out of Africa for 400 years!

 , European countries claimed most parts of Africa for their own  1885 – European nations met in Berlin, Germany and agreed to split (partition) Africa amongst themselves (Berlin Conference)  By 1914, Europe controlled 90% of Africa

 Invaded Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco in Northern Africa

 Controlled Egypt, Sudan, South Africa  Desired to control a portion of Africa all the way from North to South (“From Cairo to Capetown” was the motto)

Analyzing Political Cartoons

 By 1900, Liberia was the only independent state in West Africa.  Ethiopia was also independent (kicked out the Italians when led by King Menelik II)

 King Leopold II (Belgium) claimed Congo as his own private plantation; enslaved the people brutally for 20 years; then gave the plantation to the Belgian government

 Harmed land by mining, factories, logging  Paid Africans low wages, and imposed high taxes  Men housed in dorms away from families  Schools taught that European ways were best  By early 1900s, elite Africans began to condemn imperialism as against European ideals of liberty, equality, nationalism

 Controlled by British East India Company (a privately-owned joint stock company)  Army led by British officials- made up of Indian soldiers.  India seen as the “jewel in the crown”  British resists India’s economy from operating on its own.  British build railroad- set up plantations  Tea, indigo, coffee, opium  Sold opium to China

 Negative  British control political/economic issues  Reduction of food production = famine  Threatened traditional life  Positive  Railroads  Sanitation and public health improved  Schools/Colleges

 Rumor that cartridges for new rifles greased with beef and pork fat  What problem would this pose?  Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – soldiers rebel  British gov’t moves in, gains control of India  Nationalism grows as British use India for their reasons, not what is best for India (Gandhi leads peaceful rebellions)

 Westernization – to adopt aspects of European (western) civilization (examples: industrialize, democracy, etc.)

 Both countries had contact with European nations in the 1800s  China’s government assumed they were stronger than Europe  Britain began importing Opium into China to buy tea, which China didn’t like  Britain badly beat China in the Opium War (1840s)  China was surprised by Europe’s strength  China rejected Westernization and was slowly made into spheres of influence by European nations

 Japan was isolationist (closed to foreigners) from s  American gunboats came to Japan and forced them to open to trade (1850s)  Japan saw how China was treated and decided to Westernized their military, government, schools, etc.  Japan, by modernizing, was able to compete with Europe and was never taken over  Japan beat China, then Russia in a war  Russo-Japanese was (1905) – first time an Asian nation beat a European nation