The Power of Spain Preview Starting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe Main Idea / Reading Focus The King Becomes Emperor Artistic Achievements Spain under Philip II

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The Power of Spain Main Idea Reading Focus Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s. Reading Focus What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age? How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

The King Becomes Emperor 1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain Inexperienced, but had one kingly trait—as member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives Kingly Trait Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged 1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control Imposing Their Will

Charles V and the Empire When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas. 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states So vast ‘the sun never set” over it Emperor Charles V Ruling vast territories not easy task for Charles Faced enemies on all sides—Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes Also fought for religious control over Europe Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic Growing Protestant movement threatened influence Enemies Everywhere

Confrontation 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg Peace Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy

Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe Success in Americas Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain Among explorers King Charles supported Hernán Cortés, who conquered Aztec empire Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region Silver and gold flowed from American colonies Brought Spain fabulous wealth

Dividing the Empire Frustrated by failures in Europe 1556, Charles V gave up thrones Decided to divide large empire Split between his brother and his son Relinquished Thrones Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled Imposing Their Will

Draw Conclusions In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful? Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

Artistic Achievements From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement Became known as the Golden Century One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures Much work religious, reflected Spain’s central role in Counter-Reformation Art Another Spanish painter, Diego Velázquez Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity Velázquez had privilege of being the court painter Court Painter

Literature Writers Cervantes Colonial Writers Church Criticism Spanish golden age also produced fine writers Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes Cervantes Most famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha About man caught between medieval, modern worlds Colonial Writers Writers in Spain’s colonies produced works of merit Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays Church Criticism Church officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas She believed women had right to education

What were some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century? Summarize What were some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century? Answer(s): paintings by El Greco and Velásquez, writings by Miguel de Cervantes and Juana Ines de la Cruz

Catholicism in Territories Revolt in the Low Countries Spain under Philip II Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems King Philip II devout Catholic Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism Religion and Revolt Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories Catholicism in Territories Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces 1560s, bloody revolt began Revolt in the Low Countries

Dutch Revolt Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba Alba set up court Known locally as Court of Blood Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew Revolt dragged on for decades 1609, truce reached Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

Spain and England English Aid to Dutch Attacks on Spanish Ships Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip Attacks on Spanish Ships Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains (KNOW AS THE SEA DOGS) to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England Invasion Planned King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church Decided to invade England

Philip’s Armada Naval Battles Armada Not Invincible Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet Naval Battles English aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked Armada Not Invincible

Americans Join the Battle An Empire in Decline The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss. But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated. Spain’s real problems internal Philip’s government centralized He trusted no one Court riddled by factions, suspicion Government action practically came to standstill Internal Problems Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times Prices driven up, inflation Spain did not develop industries Americans Join the Battle Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.

What were two events that caused problems for Spain? Recall What were two events that caused problems for Spain? Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada