Day 1: Cells 1

 Prokaryotes  No nucleus  Simple  Very few organelles  Unicellular  Ex:  Archaebacteria  Eubacteria  Eukaryotes  Nucleus  Complex  Many organelles  Uni- or multicellular  Ex:  Animals  Plants  Fungi  Protists 2

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 Animal Cell  Type: Eukaryote  Shape: Round  Energy:  Cellular Respiration  Organelles Present:  Lysosome  Plant Cell  Type: Eukaryote  Shape: Square  Energy:  Photosynthesis  Cellular Respiration  Organelles Present:  Chloroplast  Vacuole  Cell Wall 4

 Nucleus  Brain/control center  Cell Membrane  Fence/surrounds the cell  Ribosome  Rib/makes proteins  Endoplasmic Reticulum  ER/transports materials  Golgi Bodies  Goal of UPS/pack & ship or modify & refine  Mitochondria  Mighty/energy/cell resp.  Lysosome  Lysol/removes waste  Cell Wall  Brick wall/barrier in plants  Chloroplasts  Photosynthesis in plants  Vacuole  Vacuum/stores extra food and water in plants 5

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 Diffusion  Does not use energy  Particles move from area of high concentration to low concentration  Particles move until they reach equilibrium  Equal concentration on both sides of the membrane  Ex:  Spraying air freshener  Facilitated Diffusion  Particles move from high concentration to low concentration across the cell membrane using barrier proteins 7

 The diffusion of water across the membrane 8

 Endocytosis  Uses energy  A cell surrounds, engulfs, and takes in material from the outside  Exocytosis  Uses energy  A cell releases unwanted material to the outside 9

 Carbohydrates  Monomer:  Monosaccharide  Function:  Short-term energy  Ex:  Glucose and fructose  Found in breads, pastas, rice, and cereals  Lipids  Monomer:  Fatty acids  Function:  Long-term energy storage  Insulation  Waterproof covering  Ex:  Cutin that covers leaves  Found in fats, oils, and waxes 10

 Proteins  Monomer:  Amino acid  Function:  Building and connecting material  Chemical reactions  Ex:  Collagen (bones, muscles, tendons, and cartilage)  Enzymes  Found in meats, eggs, nuts, beans  Nucleic Acids  Monomer:  Nucleotide  Function:  Genetic information  Heredity  Ex:  DNA and RNA 11

 Chemical Reaction: Reactants  Products  Increases the speed of chemical reaction  Lowers the activation energy  Amount of energy needed to start the reaction  Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site  Forms enzyme-substrate complex  Reaction occurs and forms product that detaches  Enzyme is then reused in the next reaction  Denaturing Enzymes  Enzymes work best at a specific temperature & pH  The active site will denature if this changes 12