CELLS and TISSUES Unit # 3 Basic Sciences ST 110

Objectives Identify and name organelles by function Identify and name organelles by function Identify parts of the cell Identify parts of the cell Identify and describe epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue Identify and describe epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue

CELLS  Smallest structural units of living things  Can only be seen under a microscope  Vary in size and shape  Simple organisms contain one cell

Cell Composition  Cytoplasm-  Plasma Membrane-  Organelles-  Nucleus-

Three Main Parts of the Cell  Plasma Membrane  Cytoplasm  Nucleus

Plasma Membrane

 Outer boundary of the cell – separates cytoplasm from interstitial fluid  Encloses cytoplasm  Guarded gateway  Communication device  Identifies cells

Cytoplasm

Organelles  Organelles are small organs with a specialized function.  Ribosomes-  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -  Golgi apparatus-  Mitochondria-  Lysosomes- formerly thought to be responsible for cell death  Centrioles-

Cilia-Flagella Cilia- hair-like extension of some cells  Capable of movement  Specialized function Flagella- single projection from some cells  Much larger than cilia  Propulsive movements  Ex: human male sperm

Ribosomes Constructed mostly of RNA Constructed mostly of RNA Some are found attached to endoplasmic reticulum Some are found attached to endoplasmic reticulum “Protein factories” “Protein factories”

Endoplasmic Reticulum Series of membranes Series of membranes Rough ER carry proteins from one part of the cell to another Rough ER carry proteins from one part of the cell to another Smooth ER makes new membrane Smooth ER makes new membrane

Golgi Apparatus Chemically processes molecules from the ER Chemically processes molecules from the ER Packages molecules in vessicles Packages molecules in vessicles

Mitochondria “Power plants” of the cell “Power plants” of the cell Each has its own DNA Each has its own DNA Contains enzymes Contains enzymes

Lysosomes Digest food compounds Digest food compounds Digests other materials that enter the cell Digests other materials that enter the cell Formerly thought to control apoptosis Formerly thought to control apoptosis

Centrioles Two rod-shaped tubes Two rod-shaped tubes Plays a large part in cell division Plays a large part in cell division

Nucleus

Nucleus Controls every organelle Controls every organelle Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Contains nucleoplasm Contains nucleoplasm Nucleolus and chromatin contained within nucleoplasm Nucleolus and chromatin contained within nucleoplasm

Chromatin  Chromatin granules are threadlike structures in the nucleus made of proteins and hereditary molecules called DNA  DNA become chromosomes during mitosis

DNA DNA – the genetic material “Cookbook” Contains code for building structural and functional proteins Determines gender, metabolism, body build, hair color During cell division (mitosis) DNA molecules tightly coiled and are called Chromosomes

Cell Structure and Function  Every human cell performs a certain function  Cell Survival  Body Survival  Cells number differently in types of organelles  Ex: mitochondria-sustained work

Review  Cells are the ________ structural units  Cells have different _____ and sizes  Cell consist of ______ main parts

Review _______ -living matter _______ ________ -surrounds the cell ________ -controls organelles, cell reproduction Three main parts of the cell

Review Organelles-little organs _________ Protein factories _______________ Transports proteins _____________ processing/packaging _________ Power plants _____________ Ingest microbes ___________ Cell reproduction

Cell Motility ______ - Specialized function ________- Propulsive movements

Nucleus Chromatin- Nucleolus-

DNA  _____ (Cookbook) -Genetic Material Contains code for structural, functional proteins  During cell division (Mitosis) DNA molecules are called _____________ (46 total)

OBJECTIVES PART #2  Identify and learn modes of transportation  Identify and learn phases of mitosis (cell division)

Plasma Membrane  Separates contents of the cell from tissue fluid  Selectively permeable, Allows certain substances in, keeps other substances out Molecules of water Foods Gases Waste

Transportation ATP  Active Transport - Requires energy from ATP page 49  Passive Transport

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Passive Transport Diffusion- substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space Diffusion- substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space Osmosis- diffusion of water Osmosis- diffusion of water Dialysis- diffusion of solutes Dialysis- diffusion of solutes Filtration- movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a pushing force Filtration- movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a pushing force

Active Transport Phago Phago “eating up” Pino - “drink” Pino - “drink”

Active Transport Ion pumps- uses ATP to move ions across the membrane against the concentration gradient Ion pumps- uses ATP to move ions across the membrane against the concentration gradient Phagocytosis- permits a cell to engulf foreign material Phagocytosis- permits a cell to engulf foreign material Pinocytosis- used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances Pinocytosis- used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances

Cell Reproduction Chromosomes - Composed largely of DNA molecules and ultimately determines the transmission of heritable traits Genes – a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome RNA- in cytoplasm DNA- in the nucleus

Transcription and Translation Transcription- mRNA is formed as a copy of one side of the DNA molecule Transcription- mRNA is formed as a copy of one side of the DNA molecule Translation- mRNA is “read” and the correct amino acids are combined to form a protein Translation- mRNA is “read” and the correct amino acids are combined to form a protein

messenger RNA  Transfers genetic information from the cells nucleus to the cytoplasm  mRNA is single strand

MITOSIS  Cell division  Two identical daughter cells are produced  Replaces cells that are less fuctional, damaged, or destroyed  Mitosis has five stages

THE FIVE STAGES OF MITOSIS 1.Interphase 2.Prophase 3.Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

INTERPHASE Called the “resting phase” Called the “resting phase” DNA replicate

PROPHASE First stage – chromatin become organized Spindle fibers serve as “guidewires”

METAPHASE nucleolus and nuclear envelope have disappeared – chromosomes have aligned themselves across the center of the cell

ANAPHASE cleavage furrow appears Newly separated chromosomes move apart

TELOPHASE Two nuclei appear – cell division is complete

MITOSIS

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis the cell divides to form two new daughter cells Each cell contains all the genetic information 46 chromosomes in each cell Meiosis is a specialized Type of cell division Two cell divisions occur Four new daughter cells Are formed 23 chromosomes in each Cell. (Half of their original number)

QUESTION?????? What would happen if the body lost it’s ability to control mitosis?

GENES  A gene is a specific segment of base pairs  Base pairs are always the same  Base pairs are in different orders

GENETIC CODE Genes control protein and enzyme production Enzymes facilitate cellular chemical reactions Cellular chemical reactions determine cell structure and function Information in each gene

Plasma Membrane REVEIW

Transportation of Substances Active- Requires energy from _____

REVEIW Transportation of Substances Passive- No ____ required

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid In the ______ In the ______ Only molecule that Only molecule that reproduces itself reproduces itself Double strand Double strand Ribonucleic Acid In the ________ Transfers genetic information Single Strand DNARNA

CHROMOSOMES  Base pairs of DNA  Humans have 46  23 form each parent

Cell Division What is another name for cell division? What are the five stages of cell division?

CELL DIVISION _________- “resting” DNA replicates _________- Chromosomes become visible __________- Nuclear envelope, nucleus disappear _________- Cleavage furrow appears _________- Nuclear envelope of both Nuclei appear

OBJECTIVES Part 3  Identify and learn four types of tissues  Identify and learn Cell Structure and Function and location

Four types of tissues Epithelial Epithelial Connective Connective Muscle Muscle Nervous Nervous

Epithelial Tissue  Covers many body parts  Lines various parts of the body  Packed close together  Form continuous sheets  Contain no blood vessels  Different shapes and sizes

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Epithelial cells are classified according to shape and arrangement of cells  Squamous-  Cuboidal-  Columnar-  Transitional-

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Epithelial cells are classified according to shape and arrangement of cells Simple – single layer Stratified – many layers

Epithelial Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Simple Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Simple Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Stratified Transitional

Epithelial Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Pseudostratified Epithelium

Connective Tissue  Varied in structure and appearance  Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body  Connects tissue to each other  Forms supporting framework  Vary in arrangement of cells  Vary amount and type of intercellular material

Connective Tissue   Areolar   Adipose, fat   Dense Fibrous   Bone   Cartilage   Blood   Hemopoietic

Connective Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Areolar

Connective Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Adipose, fat

Connective Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Dense Fibrous

Connective Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Bone

Connective Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Cartilage

Connective Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Hemopoietic

Muscle Skeletal Skeletal Cardiac Cardiac Smooth Smooth

Muscle Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Skeletal Striated Voluntary

Muscle Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Cardiac (striated involuntary)

Muscle Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Smooth non striated involuntary or visceral

Nervous Tissue Structure- Location- Function- Dendrites- Axons- Nervous

Review Basic Terms Squamous Stratified Psuedostratified Columnar Simple Transitional Visceral Proliferate

Review What are the four categories in which tissues are organized?

QUESTIONS ???????? Where can Epithelial tissue be found? What are the characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

Review What are the four classifications of Epithelial tissue? ________

Review Where can Simple Squamous Epithelium be found? What is its’ structure? What is its’ function?

Review Simple Columnar Epithelium can be found where? What is its’ structure ? What is its’ function ?

Review Where can Simple Cuboidal Epithelium be found? What is its’ structure? What is its’ function?

Review Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found ? What is its’ structure? What is its’ function?

Review Stratified Transitional Epithelium is found ? What is its’ structure? What is its’ function?

Review Pseudostratified Epithelium can be found? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is areolar tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is adipose tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is dense fibrous tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is bone tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is cartilage tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is blood tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is hemopoietic tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is muscle (skeletal) tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is cardiac muscle (striated involuntary) tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is Smooth visceral muscle tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review Where is Nervous tissue found ? What is its structure? What is its function?

Review  Cells are the ________ structural units  Cells have different _____ and sizes  Cells consist of ______ main parts

Review _______ -living matter _______ ________ -surrounds the cell ________ -controls organelles, cell reproduction Three main parts of the cell

Review Organelles-little organs _________ Protein factories _______________ Transports proteins _____________ processing/packaging _________ Power plants _____________ Ingest microbes ___________ Cell reproduction

Cell Motility ______ - Specialized function ________- Propulsive movements

REVEIW Transportation of Substances Active- Requires energy from _____

REVEIW Transportation of Substances Passive- No ____ required

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid In the ______ In the ______ Only molecule that Only molecule that reproduces itself reproduces itself Double strand Double strand Ribonucleic Acid In the ________ Transfers genetic information Single Strand DNARNA

Cell Division What is another name for cell division? What are the five stages of cell division?

CELL DIVISION _________- “resting” DNA replicates _________- Chromosomes become visible __________- Nuclear envelope, nucleus disappear _________- Cleavage furrow appears _________- Nuclear envelope of both Nuclei appear

MITOSIS  Cell _________  New identical cell has been reproduced  Replaces cells that are ________________  __________  Mitosis has ______ stages

INTERPHASE Called the “________phase” Called the “________phase” _______replicate

PROPHASE First stage – _______ become organized Spindle fibers serve as “__________”

METAPHASE nucleolus and nuclear envelope have _______ – _______ have aligned themselves across the center of the cell

ANAPHASE __________ _________ appears

TELOPHASE Two ______appear – ______ _____ is complete

Plasma Membrane  Separates contents of the cell from tissue fluid  _______ permeable, Allows certain substances ____, keep other substances _____ Molecules of water Foods Gases Waste

Transportation ATP  _____ Transport - Requires energy from ATP page 49  ______ Transport

Phago Phago“_____” Pino - “___” Pino - “___”